Transcript The Civil War (1861–1865)

The Civil War
(1861–1865)
OwlTeacher.com
Fort Sumter
• With Lincoln in office and all hope of compromise extinguished, the
Confederate president and Confederate Congress authorized an army and
navy and set about taking control of federal civil and military installation
in the South.
• ______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________.
• If supplies did not come soon, they would have
to ______________ the fort to the Confederacy.
OwlTeacher.com
Fort Sumter
• Throughout March of 1861, the Confederate government tried to
negotiate the peaceful evacuation of the Union garrison at Fort
Sumter, but Lincoln remained adamant that the United States
would not give up the fort.
• ______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________.
OwlTeacher.com
A Difficult Decision
• Lincoln had to make an important decision.
• He made the decision he thought would be
best.
• He would __________________________.
• Then he waited to see what happened.
OwlTeacher.com
Davis’ Response
• Now Jefferson Davis had to make a decision. He decided to
attack the fort before the supply ships arrived.
• Faced with South Carolina “fire-eaters” (radical Confederates) who
threatened to seize the fort on their own, Jefferson Davis decided
that he had to take action.
• ______________________________________
______________________________.
OwlTeacher.com
The “fire-eaters”
• He assigned the mission of capturing the fort to Brigadier
General Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard, who laid siege to
Sumter, hoping to starve out post commandant major Robert
Anderson and his men.
• _____________________________________
_____________________________________
_________________________!
OwlTeacher.com
April 12, 1861, 4:30 a.m.
• With great deliberation and delay, a ship was finally loaded
with reinforcements and supplies.
• But it was too late!
• _____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_________________:
OwlTeacher.com
“All proper facilities will be afforded for the removal of yourself and
command, together with company arms and property, and all
private property, to any post in the United States which you
may select. The flag which you have upheld so long and with
so much fortitude, under the most trying circumstances, may be
saluted by you on taking it down.”
OwlTeacher.com
April 12, 1861, 4:30 a.m.
• ___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
_______________________.
• The ensuing bombardment last an unbelievable 34 hours before Anderson,
satisfied that he had done his duty, surrendered.
• It would be the first battle of the Civil War.
OwlTeacher.com
The First Battle of Bull Run
• The first major battle of the Civil War
ended in a victory for ________________.
• It became known as the ______________
_____ because the following year a battle
occurred at almost exactly the same site.
OwlTeacher.com
The First Battle of Bull Run
• Approximately 35,000 troops were involved on
each side.
• The Union suffered about 2,900 casualties, the
military term for those killed, wounded,
captured, or missing in action.
• Confederate casualties were fewer than 2,000.
OwlTeacher.com
Preparing for War
Strengths of the North and the South
Northern Advantages:
• _____________________________________
• More factories
• Better balance between farming and industry
• _____________________________________
• A functioning government, an army, and a
navy
• _____________________________________
OwlTeacher.com
Preparing for War
Strengths of the North and the South
Southern Advantages:
• Leadership:
– ___________________________________________
___________________________________________.
• Military tactics:
– Because the South was defending its borders, its army
needed only to repel Northern advances rather than
initiate military action.
• Morale:
– ___________________________________________
___________________________________________.
OwlTeacher.com
Preparing for War
Military Strategies
Union Military
Strategies
Union commanders wanted a military blockade of
seceded states.
__________________________________________
__________________________________________.
They planned to cut the Confederacy in two,
along the Mississippi River.
Confederate
War Strategies
Jefferson Davis hoped that Lincoln would
let the Confederacy go in peace.
____________________________________.
Tactics and
Technology
Outdated muskets were replaced with more
accurate rifles.
Artillery improved with the invention of shells,
devices that exploded in the air.
________________________________________
OwlTeacher.com
________________________________________.
OwlTeacher.com
War in the East
The Monitor and the Merrimack
• March 9, 1862, the ships met off the Virginia
coast.
• ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________.
• These ships made the wooden navies of the
world obsolete.
OwlTeacher.com
War in the East
The Battle of Seven Pines
• __________________________________________
_________________________.
• They landed southeast of
Richmond.
• The Union troops were met by
15,000 Confederate forces.
• The Confederate forces retreated
toward Richmond.
• As McClellan’s army neared the
capital, the Southerners turned
and attacked.
• The North claimed victory, but both sides
OwlTeacher.com
suffered heavy casualties.
The South Attacks
The Battle of Antietam
• The Confederate forces invaded the
North.
• The Union army learned of General
Lee’s strategy.
• ________________________________
________________________________
_______________________________.
OwlTeacher.com
The South Attacks
• The Union forces had more than 75,000
troops, with nearly 25,000 in reserve. The
Confederate forces numbered about 40,000.
• By the day’s end, the Union casualties
numbered more than 12,000. The
Confederate casualties were nearly 14,000,
more than a third of the entire army.
• ____________________________________
___________________________________.
OwlTeacher.com
Politics in the South
The Confederate Government
• Had to persuade people to give up personal
interests for the common good
• ________________________________________
_______________________________________
• Called for a draft, or required military service, of
three years
• ________________________________________
________________________________________
• Failed to gain recognition, or official acceptance as an
independent nation
OwlTeacher.com
Politics in the South
States’ Rights Advocates
• Resisted sacrificing personal interests
• Claimed that a draft violated states’ rights.
• Almost 25 percent of men eligible for the
draft refused
• ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________.
OwlTeacher.com
Politics in the North
The Union Government
• Shut down opposition newspapers
• Prevented Maryland’s secession by _______
____________________________________
• Put Kentucky under ___________________
___________________________________.
• Martial law is an emergency rule during
which some guarantees under the Bill of
Rights are suspended.
OwlTeacher.com
Politics in the North
• __________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
• Created a national currency, called
greenbacks.
• This paper money was not backed by gold,
but it was declared to be acceptable as
legal payment.
OwlTeacher.com
Emancipation and the War
• On January 1, 1863, President Lincoln
issued the final Emancipation Proclamation.
• ___________________________________
___________________________________
__________________________________.
• Although the proclamation did not bring an
immediate end to slavery, it promised that
enslaved people would be free when the
North won the war.
OwlTeacher.com
Emancipation and the War
• The most significant reaction to the
proclamation came from Europe.
• Europeans felt very strongly about ______
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
_____________.
OwlTeacher.com
African Americans Join the War
• Early in the war, General Butler said that
slaves captured by the Union army were
contraband, property of one side seized by
the other.
• ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________.
OwlTeacher.com
African Americans Join the War
• Congress authorized Lincoln to accept African
Americans into the military after McClellan’s
defeat in Virginia. OwlTeacher.com
African Americans Join the War
• By 1865, nearly 180,000 African
Americans had enlisted in the Union
army.
• _________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
________________________________.
OwlTeacher.com
The Hardships of War
The Northern Economy
• Northern farms and factories produced
____________________________________
___________________________________.
• Women filled critical jobs in factories and on
farms.
• _______________ paid women lower wages
than male workers and sold inferior products
at inflated prices.
OwlTeacher.com
The Hardships of War
The Southern Economy
• Many planters refused to grow food instead of
cotton.
• _______________________________________
_______________________________________
______________________________________.
• Even though production increased, the South
was never able to provide all the goods its army
needed.
• Labor shortages and a lack of goods contributed
to inflation.
• Women filled many of the factory jobs.
OwlTeacher.com
The Hardships of War
Medical Care
• ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________.
• Disease killed many of them.
• Poor nutrition and contaminated foods led to
dysentery and typhoid fever.
• Malaria and pneumonia were also killers.
OwlTeacher.com
The Hardships of War
• A Union soldier was three times more likely
to die in camp or in a hospital than he was
to be killed on the battlefield.
• Some 4,000 women served as _________
for the Union army.
OwlTeacher.com
The Hardships of War
• By the end of the war, nursing was no
longer only a man’s profession.
• __________________________________.
• Rotting food and garbage littered the
ground.
• __________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________.
OwlTeacher.com
Major Battles of 1863
Union
Officer
_____________ Burnside
Confederate
Officer
Lee
Chancellorsville Hooker
____________
South/Lee split his army and
sent Jackson around to
attack; surprised Hooker;
Jackson died after the battle.
Gettysburg
Hooker
Lee/Longstreet/
Pickett
North/General Pickett
charged the Union
unsuccessfully.
Confederates lost more
than a third of their troops.
___________
Grant
Pemberton
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________.
Battle
OwlTeacher.com
Winner/
Why
________________________
________________________
_______________________.
OwlTeacher.com
The Importance of 1863
On July 4, 1863:
• 30,000 Confederate troops defending
Vicksburg laid down their arms and
surrendered.
• Former slaves celebrated Independence
Day for the first time.
• ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________.
OwlTeacher.com
The Gettysburg Address
• On November 19, 1863, some 15,000
people gathered at __________________
to honor the Union soldiers who had died
there just four months before.
OwlTeacher.com
The Gettysburg Address
• President Lincoln delivered a two-minute
speech which became known as the
Gettysburg Address.
• He reminded people that _____________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
_________________________________.
OwlTeacher.com
The Gettysburg Address
• The Gettysburg Address has become one
of the best-loved and most-quoted
speeches in the English language.
• It expresses grief at the terrible cost of war
and the importance of ________________
_________________________________.
OwlTeacher.com
Grant Takes Command
The Battles
• In an effort to
exhaust the
Confederate troops,
________________
________________
________________
________________
____________.
OwlTeacher.com
Grant Takes Command
• In May and June of 1864, the Union and
Confederate armies clashed in three
major battles:
– The Battle of the Wilderness began on
May 5, 1864.
– The armies met in a dense forest in a
battle that lasted two days.
OwlTeacher.com
Grant Takes Command
– May 8, 1864, the __________________
________________________________
Spotsylvania Court House.
– The fighting that took place over nearly
two weeks is called the Battle of
Spotsylvania.
OwlTeacher.com
Grant Takes Command
– In early June, the armies clashed again
at the Battle of Cold Harbor, just eight
miles from Richmond.
OwlTeacher.com
The Siege of Petersburg
• Unable to reach Richmond or defeat Lee’s
army, Grant moved around the capital and
attacked Petersburg.
• __________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
_________________________________.
OwlTeacher.com
The Siege of Petersburg
• The attack on Petersburg failed, and Grant’s
army suffered some 65,000 casualties.
• Grant then turned to the tactic of siege that
he had used in _______________________.
• On June 18, 1864, Grant began the _______
___________________________________.
OwlTeacher.com
Sherman Marches to the Sea
• In early September, the ____________ army
was forced to leave ___________________.
• General Sherman vowed to “make Georgia
howl.”
• ____________________________________
___________________________________.
• He left the city in ruins.
• He led some 62,000 soldiers on a march to
the sea to capture Savannah.
OwlTeacher.com
Sherman Marches to the Sea
• On December 21, 1864, the Union army
entered Savannah without a fight.
• Sherman’s message to Lincoln read:
“I beg to present you, as a Christmas
gift, the city of Savannah.”
OwlTeacher.com
The Election of 1864
Abraham Lincoln
• Republicans changed their party name to the
______________________________________.
• Dropped Vice President Hannibal Hamlin from
the ticket.
• Replaced Hamlin with Andrew Johnson of
Tennessee.
• Johnson was a Democrat and a pro-Union
Southerner.
OwlTeacher.com
The Election of 1864
• Sherman’s capture of Atlanta showed the
North that __________________________.
• In November, Lincoln won an easy victory.
OwlTeacher.com
The Election of 1864
George McClellan
• Democrats nominated General George
McClellan.
• McClellan was happy to oppose Lincoln, who had
twice fired him.
• McClellan was still admired and respected by his
soldiers.
• _______________________________________
______________________________________.
• McClellan promised that if elected he would
negotiate an end to the war.
OwlTeacher.com
A New Birth of Freedom
• The Thirteenth Amendment was ______
by the states and became law in
December 1865.
“Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude,
except as punishment for crime whereof the
party shall have been duly convicted, shall
exist within the United States, or any place
subject to their jurisdiction.”
OwlTeacher.com
A New Birth of Freedom
• Lincoln noted in his Second Inaugural
Address that slavery had divided the
nation, but he also laid the groundwork to
“________________________________.”
OwlTeacher.com
Surrender at Appomattox
• On April 2, 1865, Lee tried to slip around Grant’s
army.
• He planned to unite his troops with those of
General Johnston.
• Lee hoped that together they would be able to
continue the war.
• On April 9, 1865, Lee’s forces came to the
Virginia town of Appomattox Court House.
• _______________________________________
_______________________________________.
OwlTeacher.com
Surrender at Appomattox
• Lee’s officers suggested that the army
could scatter and continue to fight as
guerrillas—soldiers who use surprise raids
and hit-and-run tactics.
• Lee rejected this idea.
• That afternoon Generals Lee and Grant met
in a private home.
• __________________________________
__________________________________.
OwlTeacher.com
Civil War Deaths
OwlTeacher.com
Lincoln Is Assassinated
• Abraham Lincoln did not live to see the
official end of the war.
• Throughout the winter of 1864–1865, a group
of Southern conspirators in Washington,
D.C., had plotted to kidnap Lincoln and
exchange him for
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________.
OwlTeacher.com
Lincoln Is Assassinated
• After several unsuccessful attempts, their
leader, John Wilkes Booth, assigned
members of his group to assassinate top
Union officials.
• ____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
___________________________________.
OwlTeacher.com
John Wilkes Booth at first escaped according to his plan and was
hunted for 12 days. His conspiracy plan to also eliminate the
______
___________________________________.
OwlTeacher.com
Lincoln Is Assassinated
• Booth had fled from the theater and was
found hiding in a tobacco barn.
• Cornered in the barn, Booth was shot in
the spine when he refused to surrender.
• In his final moments, he asked to have
his hands lifted up before his eyes and
reportedly said, "Useless, useless!"
OwlTeacher.com
Lincoln Is Assassinated
• Lincoln’s funeral train took 14 days to
travel from Washington, D.C., to his
hometown of ___________________.
OwlTeacher.com
The nation mourned the loss of Lincoln just days after the close of the long bloody
Civil War. Members of Booth's conspiracy team were rounded up, tried and quickly
executed, including Mary Surratt whose boarding house was used as a meeting place.
The bodies were left hanging from the scaffold a full half hour while photographs were
taken. The hoods worn by the convicted can be seen in the Lincoln Museum today
with Booth's gun and knife.
OwlTeacher.com