Transcript The Great Depression and the New Deal 1933-1939

The Great Depression and the New
Deal
1933-1939
FDR: Politician in a Wheelchair
• Franklin D. Roosevelt's wife, Eleanor
Roosevelt, was to become the most active First
Lady in history. She powerfully influenced the
policies of the national government, battling
for the impoverished and oppressed.
• Roosevelt's commanding presence and golden
speaking voice made him the premier
American orator of his generation.
Presidential Hopefuls of 1932
• In the Democratic campaign of 1932, Roosevelt
attacked the Republican Old Deal and concentrated
on preaching a New Deal for the "forgotten man." He
promised to balance the nation's budget and decrease
the heavy Hooverian deficits.
• Although the campaign for the Republicans was dire,
Herbert Hoover reaffirmed his faith in American free
enterprise and individualism. He predicted prosperity
if the Hawley-Smoot Tariff was repealed.
Hoover's Humiliation in 1932
• Franklin Roosevelt won the election of 1932
by a sweeping majority, in both the popular
vote and the Electoral College.
• Beginning in the election of 1932, blacks
became, notably in the urban centers of the
North, a vital element of the Democratic Party.
FDR and the Three R's: Relief,
Recovery, Reform
• Franklin Roosevelt was inaugurated on March 4, 1933.
• On March 6-10, President Roosevelt declared a national banking
holiday as a prelude to opening the banks on a sounder basis. The
Hundred Days Congress/Emergency Congress (March 9-June 16,
1933) passed a series laws in order to cope with the national
emergency (The Great Depression).
• Roosevelt's New Deal programs aimed at 3 R's: relief, recovery,
reform. Short-range goals were relief and immediate recovery, and
long-range goals were permanent recovery and reform of current
abuses.
• Congress gave President Roosevelt extraordinary blank-check
powers: some of the laws it passed expressly delegated legislative
authority to the president.
• The New Dealers embraced such progressive ideas as
unemployment insurance, old-age insurance, minimum-wage
regulations, conservation and development of natural resources, and
restrictions on child labor.
Roosevelt Tackles Money and
Banking
• The impending banking crisis caused Congress to pass the Emergency
Banking Relief Act of 1933. It gave the president power to regulate
banking transactions and foreign exchange and to reopen solvent
banks. President Roosevelt began to give "fireside chats" over the radio in
order to restore public confidence of banks.
• Congress then passed the Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act, creating
the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). A reform program,
the FDIC insured individual bank deposits up to $5,000, ending the
epidemic of bank failures.
• In order to protect the shrinking gold reserve, President Roosevelt ordered
all private holdings of gold to be given to the Treasury in exchange for
paper currency and then the nation to be taken off the gold standardCongress passed laws providing for these measures.
• The goal of Roosevelt's "managed currency" was inflation, which he
believed would relieve debtors' burdens and stimulate new
production. Inflation was achieved through gold buying; the Treasury
purchased gold at increasing prices, increasing the dollar price of
gold. This policy increased the amount of dollars in circulation.
Creating Jobs for the Jobless
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President Roosevelt had no qualms about using federal money to assist the
unemployed in order to jumpstart the economy. Congress created the Civilian
Conservation Corps (CCC), which provided employment for about 3 million men
in government camps. Their work included reforestation, fire fighting, flood
control, and swamp drainage.
Congress's first major effort to deal with the massive unemployment was to pass the
Federal Emergency Relief Act. The resulting Federal Emergency Relief
Administration (FERA) was headed by Harry L. Hopkins. Hopkins's agency
granted about $3 billion to the states for direct relief payments or for wages on
work projects. Created in 1933, the Civil Works Administration (CWA), a branch
of the FERA, was designed to provide temporary jobs during the winter
emergency. Thousands of unemployed were employed at leaf raking and other
manual-labor jobs.
Relief was given to the farmers with the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA),
making available millions of dollars to help farmers meet their mortgages.
The Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) assisted many households that
had trouble paying their mortgages.
A Day for Every Demagogue
• As unemployment and suffering continued, radical opponents to
Roosevelt's New Deal began to arise. Father Charles Coughlin's
anti-New Deal radio broadcasts eventually became so anti-Semitic
and fascistic that he was forced off the air. Senator Huey P. Long
publicized his "Share Our Wealth" program in which every family in
the United States would receive $5,000. His fascist plans ended
when he was assassinated in 1935. Dr. Francis E. Townsend
attracted millions of senior citizens with his plan that each citizen
over the age of 60 would receive $200 a month.
• Congress passed the Works Progress Administration (WPA) in
1935, with the objective of employment on useful projects (i.e. the
construction of buildings, roads, etc.). Taxpayers criticized the
agency for paying people to due "useless" jobs such as painting
murals.
A Helping Hand for Industry and
Labor
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The National Recovery Administration (NRA) was designed to assist industry,
labor, and the unemployed. Individual industries, through "fair competition" codes,
were forced to lower their work hours so that more people could be hired; a
minimum wage was also established. Workers were formally guaranteed the right
to organize and bargain collectively through representatives of their choosing, not
through the company's choosing.
Although initially supported by the public, collapse of the NRA came in 1935 with
the Supreme Court's Schechter decision in which it was ruled that Congress could
not "delegate legislative powers" to the president and that congressional control of
interstate commerce could apply to local fowl business.
The Public Works Administration (PWA) was intended for both industrial
recovery and for unemployment relief. Headed by Harold L. Ickes, the agency
spent over $4 billion on thousands of projects, including public buildings and
highways.
In order to raise federal revenue and provide a level of employment, Congress
repealed prohibition with the 21st Amendment in late 1933.
Paying Farmers Not to Farm
• Congress created the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA). It
established "parity prices" for basic commodities. "Parity" was the price
set for a product that gave it the same real value, in purchasing power, that
it had from 1909-1914. The agency also paid farmers to reduce their crop
acreage, eliminating surpluses, while at the same time increasing
unemployment.
• The Supreme Court struck down the AAA in 1936, declaring its regulatory
taxation provisions unconstitutional.
• The New Deal Congress passed the Soil Conservation and Domestic
Allotment Act of 1936. The reduction of crop acreage was now achieved
by paying farmers to plant soil-conserving crops.
• The Second Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938 continued conservation
payments; if farmers obeyed acreage restrictions on specific commodities,
they would be eligible for parity payments.
Dust Bowls and Black Blizzards
• Late in 1933, a prolonged drought struck the states of the trans-Mississippi
Great Plains. The Dust Bowl was partially caused by the cultivation of
countless acres, dry-farming techniques, and mechanization.
• Sympathy towards the affected farmers came with the Frazier-Lemke
Farm Bankruptcy Act, passed in 1934. It made possible a suspension of
mortgage foreclosures for 5 years. It was struck down in 1935 by the
Supreme Court.
• In 1935, President Roosevelt set up the Resettlement Administration,
given the task of moving near-farmless farmers to better lands.
• The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 encouraged Native American
tribes to establish self-government and to preserve their native crafts and
traditions. 77 tribes refused to organize under the law, while hundreds did
organize.
Battling Bankers and Big Business
• In order to protect the public against fraud, Congress
passed the "Truth in Securities Act" (Federal
Securities Act), requiring promoters to transmit to
the investor sworn information regarding the
soundness of their stocks and bonds.
• In 1934, Congress took further steps to protect the
public with the Securities and Exchange
Commission (SEC). It was designed as a watchdog
administrative agency.
The TVA Harnesses the Tennessee
River
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Zealous New Dealers accused the electric-power industry of gouging the public
with excessive rates.
2.5 million of America's most poverty-stricken people inhabited Muscle Shoals. If
the government constructed a dam on the Tennessee River in Muscle Shoals, it
could combine the immediate advantage of putting thousands of people to work
with a long-term project for reforming the power monopoly.
In 1933, the Hundred Days Congress created the Tennessee Valley Authority
(TVA). It was assigned the task of predicting how much the production and
distribution of electricity would cost so that a "yardstick" could be set up to test the
fairness of rates charged by private companies.
The large project of constructing dams on the Tennessee River brought to the area
full employment, the blessings of cheap electric power, low-cost housing, abundant
cheap nitrates, the restoration of eroded soil, reforestation, improved navigation,
and flood control. The once-poverty-stricken area was being turned into one of the
most flourishing regions in the United States.
The conservative reaction against the "socialistic" New Deal would confine the
TVA's brand of federally guided resource management and comprehensive regional
development to the Tennessee Valley.
Housing Reform and Social Security
• To speed recovery and better homes, President Roosevelt set up the
Federal Housing Administration (FHA) in 1934.
• To strengthen the FHA, Congress created the United States Housing
Authority (USHA) in 1937. It was designed to lend money to states or
communities for low-cost construction.
• The more important success of New Dealers was in the field of
unemployment insurance and old-age pensions. The Social Security Act
of 1935 provided for federal-state unemployment insurance. To provide
security for old age, specified categories of retired workers were to receive
regular payments from Washington.
• Republicans were strongly opposed to Social Security. Social Security was
inspired by the example of some of the more highly industrialized nations
of Europe.
• In an urbanized economy, the government was now recognizing its
responsibility for the welfare of its citizens.
A New Deal for Unskilled Labor
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When the Supreme Court struck down the National Recovery Administration
(NRA), Congress, sympathetic towards labor unions, passed the National Labor
Relations Act of 1935 (Wagner Act). This law created a powerful National
Labor Relations Board for administrative purposes and reasserted the rights of
labor to engage in self-organization and to bargain collectively through
representatives of its own choice.
The stride for unskilled workers to organize was lead by John L. Lewis, boss of the
United Mine Workers. He formed the Committee for Industrial Organization
(CIO) in 1935. The CIO led a series of strikes including the sit-down strike at the
General Motors automobile factory in 1936.
Congress passed the Fair Labor Standards Act (Wages and Hours Bill) in
1938. Industries involved in interstate commerce were to set up minimum-wage
and maximum-hour levels. Labor by children under the age of 16 was forbidden.
In 1938, the CIO joined with the AF of L and the name "Committee for Industrial
Organization" was changed to "Congress of Industrial Organizations."-led by
John Lewis. By 1940, the CIO claimed about 4 million members.
Landon Challenges "the Champ" in
1936
• As the election of 1936 neared, the New Dealers had
achieved considerable progress, and millions of
"reliefers" were grateful to their government.
• The Republicans chose Alfred M. Landon to run
against President Roosevelt. The Republicans
condemned the New Deal for its radicalism,
experimentation, confusion, and "frightful waste."
• President Roosevelt was reelected as president in a
lopsided victory. FDR won primarily because he had
appealed to the "forgotten man." He had forged a
powerful and enduring coalition of the South, blacks,
urbanites, and the poor.
Nine Old Men on the Supreme
Bench
• Ratified in 1933, the 20th Amendment shortened the period from election
to inauguration by 6 weeks. FDR took the presidential oath on January 20,
1937, instead of the traditional March 4.
• Roosevelt saw his reelection as a mandate to continue the New Deal
reforms. The ultraconservative justices on the Supreme Court proved to be
a threat to the New Deal as the Roosevelt administration had been thwarted
7 times in cases against the New Deal.
• With his reelection, Roosevelt felt that the American people had wanted the
New Deal. If the American way of life was to be preserved, he argued, and
then the Supreme Court had to get in line with public opinion. President
Roosevelt released his plan to ask Congress to pass legislation allowing
him to appoint one new justice to the Supreme Court for every member
over the age of 70 who would not retire; the maximum number of justices
would now be 15. Shocking both Congress and the public, the plan
received much negative feedback.
The Court Changes Course
• President Roosevelt was belittled for attempting to break down the checks
and balances system among the 3 branches of government.
• Justice Owen J. Roberts, formerly regarded as a conservative, began to vote
liberal. In March 1937, the Supreme Court upheld the principle of state
minimum wage for women, reversing its stand on a different case a year
earlier. The Court, now sympathetic towards the New Deal, upheld the
National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act) and the Social Security Act.
• A succession of deaths and resignations of justices enabled Roosevelt to
appoint 9 justices to the Court.
• FDR aroused conservatives of both parties in Congress so that few New
Deal reforms were passed after 1937. He lost much of the political
goodwill that had helped him to win the election of 1936
The Twilight of the New Deal
• In Roosevelt's first term, from 1933-1937, unemployment still ran high and
recovery had been relatively slow. In 1937, the economy took another
downturn as new Social Security taxes began to cut into payrolls and as
the Roosevelt administration cut back on spending out of the continuing
reverence for the orthodox economic doctrine of the balanced budget.
• The New Deal had run deficits for several years, but all of them had been
somewhat small and none was intended. Roosevelt embraced the
recommendations of the British economist John Maynard Keynes. The
newly-accepted "Keynesianism" economic program was to stimulate the
economy by planned deficit spending.
• In 1939, Congress passed the Reorganization Act, giving President
Roosevelt limited powers for administrative reforms, including the new
Executive Office in the White House.
• Congress passed the Hatch Act of 1939, barring federal administrative
officials from active political campaigning and soliciting. It also forbade
the use of government funds for political purposes as well as the collection
of campaign contributions from people receiving relief payments.
New Deal or Raw Deal?
• Foes of the New Deal charged the president of
spending too much money on his programs,
significantly increasing the national debt; by 1939,
the national debt was at $40,440,000,000. Lavish
financial aid and relief were undermining the old
virtue of initiative.
• Private enterprise was being suppressed and states'
rights were being ignored. The most damning
indictment of the New Deal was that it did not end the
depression; it merely administered "aspirin, sedatives,
and Band-Aids." Not until World War II was the
unemployment problem solved.
FDR's Balance Sheet
• New Deal supporters had pointed out that relief, not
economy, had been the primary objective of their war
on the depression. Roosevelt believed that the
government was morally bound to prevent mass
hunger and starvation by "managing" the economy.
• FDR was a Hamiltonian in his idea of big
government, but a Jeffersonian in his concern for the
"forgotten man."
New Deal Acronyms
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AAA-Agricultural Adjustment Administration
CCC-Civilian Conservation Corps
CWA-Civil Works Administration
FERA-Federal Emergency Relief Administration
FHA-Federal Housing Administration
FSA-Farm Security Administration
HOLC-Home Owners Loan Corporation
NRA-National Recovery Administration
NYA-National Youth Administration
PWA-Public Works Administration
REA-Rural Electrification Administration
SSA-Social Security Administration
TVA-Tennessee Valley Authority
WPA-Work Projects (Progress) Administration