Transcript Slide 1

Literature Review and
Annotated Bibliography
Basics
Amber Cook
Walden University
Online Writing Center
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Housekeeping
• Muting
• Questions
• Tech trouble?
http://support.citrixonline.com/en_US/GoToTraining
• Recording: http://writingcenter.waldenu.edu/415.htm
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An Overview
Purpose
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Formatting/
Organization
Fulfilling
expectations
Alternative Names
Shorthand
1. annotated bib = annotated
bibliography
2. annotation = part of annotated
bibliography
3. lit review = literature review
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1. The Annotated Bibliography
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Annotated Bibliography
Annotate: “to make or furnish critical or
explanatory notes or comment”
Bibliography: “the history, identification, or
description of writings or publications”
(Merriam-Webster’s Online Dictionary, 2012)
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Annotated Bibliography
Teaches about a
particular topic
Demonstrates a
source’s value
Shows depth/breadth
of research
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Annotations at Walden
• KAM Depth section
• Course assignments
• Prewriting for large projects
(optional)
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Annotated Bibliography
• The format of an annotated bibliography
varies by assignment
• Typical format is an alphabetized list, with
reference entries followed by annotations.
– Alphabetized by author
– No headings
– Brief
Be sure to ask your instructor about any alternative expectations for
your specific assignment.
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Annotated Bibliography
Remember to
use APA format
for reference
entries, just like
in a typical
reference list.
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APA
Common
Reference
Examples
Annotated Bibliography: Example
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Annotated Bibliography
An annotation (usually) has three components:
Summary
Analysis
Critique
Each component normally appears as its own
paragraph within the annotation.
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1. Summary Paragraph
You will want to answer some or all of the
following questions:
• What is the topic and purpose of the study?
• What actions did the researcher perform and
why?
• What were the methods?
• What was the theoretical basis?
• What were the conclusions?
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1. Summary Paragraph
• Take careful factual notes while reading
• Use the past tense
– Smith and Jones found…
• Use your own words (not the abstract of the
article)
• Focus on purpose, methods and findings.
Remember, you don’t have to include
everything.
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1. Summary Paragraph
Thompson, Kirk, and Brown conducted a study to determine how
burnout and emotional exhaustion of female police officers affect their
family environment based upon role ambiguity and role overload.
Thompson et al. mailed out surveys to 1,081 female police officers
employed by the Australian State Police; however, only 421 surveys
were useable. The researchers predicted that supervisor support
would reduce role stressors and emotional exhaustion and improve
family cohesion and conflict. They found a relationship between
supervisor support and reduced role stressors, family functioning, and
emotional exhaustion, but did not find a correlation between coworker
support and work stress. Thompson et al. suggested that further
research is needed on how emotional exhaustion affects family
stressors in policewoman.
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2. Critique/Analysis Paragraph
You will want to answer some or all the following
questions:
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of the
article?
– Methodology, language, organization, detail
• What, if any, information is missing?
• Is researcher bias present?
• Is the article scholarly or generalizable? Why or why
not?
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2. Critique/Analysis Paragraph
• Take questioning notes while reading.
• Break it up: Focus first on strengths and then
on weaknesses.
• Start with your overall view and then get
more specific as you go through the
paragraph.
• Do not feel the need to be “nice.”
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2. Critique/Analysis Paragraph
Although Masterson et al. made a significant
contribution to the field of police research, the
article had several limitations. First, the researchers
chose a small and specialized sample that did not
include policewomen or other minorities. Second,
the researchers potentially influenced results by
asking leading questions in the interviews and focus
group meetings. Therefore, further research is
needed with a wider demographic range and
completely impartial interviewers.
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3. Application Paragraph
You will want to answer some or all of the
following questions:
• Does this article fill a gap in literature?
• How does the study apply to your KAM?
• Is the article universal?
• How does it inform your professional field?
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3. Application Paragraph
• Jot down three things you’ve learned from
reading the article. Use these to write about
the overall value.
• Ask yourself
• How the source is different than others in
the same field or on the same topic.
• How the source informs your future
research.
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3. Application Paragraph
This study was valuable to understanding the
relationship between employees’ views of change and
the coping mechanisms used. Based on the results, the
business sector should reinforce positive emotions to
reduce withdrawal and increase commitment to the
change. This implication aligns with Kotter’s 8-step
change model emphasizing the positive and reinforcing
employees for their efforts. This study, as well as
Kotter’s model, will serve as the basis for the Business
Change Strategy of my Application.
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All
Together
Now!
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Annotated Bibliography vs.
Literature Review
Annotated
bibliography
=
precursor to a
literature review
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Literature
review
=
foundation for
one’s research
2. The Literature Review
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Literature Review
A literature review:
• overviews your chosen
topic or field
• demonstrates your depth
of knowledge
• supports/guides future
research
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Literature Review
What is not a literature review?
• A collection of source summaries or abstracts
• A copy/paste of annotations
• A discussion of your opinions on a topic
Instead, your job as the writer is to synthesize
the literature to create that foundation for your
research or argument.
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Literature Review
What is synthesis?
• Identifying patterns among the sources
• Critically discussing strengths/weaknesses
of the sources or in the field
• Comparing and contrasting the authors’
findings
• Interpreting what is known in your field and
what is missing
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Literature Review
Remember:
• No required formatting
• An introduction and conclusion
• Avoid overreliance on quotes/
paraphrases
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Literature Review
Organize…
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…by author (bad)
…by theme (good)
•Limits a paragraph to
one source
•Does not allow for
direct comparison
•Tends to come across
as a series of “book
reports”
•Allows for a unique
organization
•Can have the authors
“talk to each other”
•Demonstrates the
writer’s analysis of the
literature
Literature Review
When organized by theme, writers can also
use headings and comparative terms within
the text.
• Headings
– Cue your reader to organization and changing topics
– Note subtopics of themes
• Comparative terms
– Demonstrate where authors agree or disagree
– Highlight your interpretation of the authors’ findings
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Literature Review
Example Synthesis
As Stragalas (2010) argued, sharing specific details
about the change will help to eliminate any difficulties.
Steele-Johnson et al. (2010) echoed these sentiments when
they reported that revealing all of the details about a
change process can help those involved better understand
and support the change. Steele-Johnson et al. also asserted
that a high level of transparency during the change can
help those involved prepare for and welcome the change.
Similarly, Nahata et al. (2010) showed that transparency
through excessive communication can allow for a wider
range of acceptance of the change.
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Literature Review
Literature
review
matrices
HELPFUL
TOOLS
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Zotero
Literature Review
Literature Review Matrices
Matrices are documents that allow you to
compile details about your sources and begin to
note similarities among the authors.
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•
•
•
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Theoretical framework
Methodology
Conclusions
Implications or need for future research
Literature Review
Example Matrix
Example matrices on Writing Center website:
http://writingcenter.waldenu.edu/50.htm
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Literature Review
Zotero Reference Manager
While a matrix can help you make connections
between your sources, the software Zotero can
help you store and organize your references.
Library website and Zotero information:
http://libraryguides.waldenu.edu/zotero
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Literature Review Help
• Library Resources
– Guide to Literature Reviews
– Literature Review Appointments
• Writing Center Lit Review page
• Writing a Lit Review Course
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Recap
• Annotated Bibliographies
– Summary, analysis, and application
– See assignment details for particulars
• Literature Reviews
– Synthesis, not summary
– Themes, not authors
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References
Merriam-Webster. (2012). Annotate [Dictionary definition]. Retrieved from
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/annotate
Merriam-Webster. (2012). Bibliography [Dictionary definition]. Retrieved from
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bibliography
(He just checked out
our Common Reference
List Examples page.) →
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Thanks for joining us!
Questions?
[email protected]
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