Syncope

The only difference between syncope and sudden death is that in one you wake up.

1 UHN/MSH AIMGP Seminar 2007 Yash Patel 1 Engel GL. Psychologic stress, vasodepressor syncope, and sudden death.

Ann Intern Med

1978; 89: 403-412.

References

Neurocardiogenic Syncope

.

New England Journal of Medicine

10 March 2005. 352(10): 1004-1010.

Guidelines on Management of Syncope – Update 2004

.

European Heart Journal

25: 2054-2072.

Vasovagal Syncope

.

Ann Intern Med

133(9):714-725.

Nov 7 2002; Incidence and Prognosis of Syncope. NEJM 347(12):878-85. Sept 2002.

Primary Care: Syncope. NEJM Dec 2000.

343(25):1856-1862.

AHA Statement on Evaluation of Syncope

.

Circulation

113:316-327. Jan 2006.

Outline

1. Objectives 2. Definitions 3. Differential diagnosis 4. Approach 5. Treatment 6. Extra material

Objectives

Learn to distinguish syncope from other “non-syncopal” conditions that lead to transient loss of consciousness Develop an approach to the assessment of patients with syncope How to risk stratify patients with syncope When to hospitalize patients with syncope

Case 1

35 Woman Unwitnessed loss of consciousness (1st. Event) No palpitations or preceding symptoms PMH: Hypothyroidism on replacement Exam normal No sequelae No injuries IS THIS SYNCOPE?

WHAT IS SYNCOPE?

Some Definitions

Syncope: sudden, transient loss of consciousness and postural tone with spontaneous recovery without therapeutic intervention Presyncope: no actual loss of consciousness Vertigo: Dizziness accompanied by a sense of motion Drop attacks: spontaneous falls while standing or walking

without LOC

Is it Syncope or Seizure?

Syncope: – Precipitant: pain, exercise, micturition, defecation, anxiety – Preceding sx: sweating and nausea – Event: LOC usually <5 min – Followed by: prompt recovery Seizure: – Preceding sx: aura, jacksonian march – Event: clonic or myoclinic jerks, LOC >5 min, incontinence – Followed by: slowness, neurological deficits, postictal paresis

Epidemiology of Syncope

Population based incidence (Framingham)

: Men Women 3% per yr.

3.5% per yr.

It increases with age

: 35 - 44 y/o > 75 y/o 0.7% per yr.

6% per yr.

Case 1

35 Woman Unwitnessed loss of consciousness (1st. Event) No palpitations or preceding symptoms PMH: Hypothyroidism on replacement Exam normal No sequelae No injuries IS THIS SYNCOPE?

YES, THIS WAS PROBABLY A SYNCOPAL EVENT REMEMBER SYNCOPE IS A SYMPTOM NOT A DIAGNOSIS

Case 2

70 Woman PMH: CAD Previous MI CABG x 3 10 yr. Ago Meds: Metoprolol, ASA, Fosinopril, recently started on clarithromycin for CAP Witnessed syncope lasting 15 sec.

Palpitations prior to event ECG: Inferior Q waves, no arrhythmias WHAT IS THE CAUSE OF HER SYNCOPE?

Syncope: Etiology

Neurally Mediated Orthostatic Cardiac Arrhythmia Structural Cardio Pulmonary 1

• •

Vasovagal Carotid Sinus • Situational



Cough



Post micturition 24%

•

Drug 2 Induced • ANS Failure



Primary



Secondary 11% 3

•

Brady



Sick sinus



AV block



VT *



SVT

•

Long QT Syndrome 14% 4% Non Cardio vascular 4

•

Aortic Stenosis

•

HOCM • Pulmonary Hypertension 5

•

Psychogenic • Metabolic e.g. hyper ventilation

•

Neurological 12% Unknown Cause = 34%

Case 2

70 Woman PMH: CAD Previous MI CABG x 3 10 yr. Ago Meds: Metoprolol, ASA, Fosinopril, recently started on clarithromycin for CAP Witnessed syncope lasting 15 sec.

Palpitations prior to event ECG: Inferior Q waves, no arrhythmias WHAT IS THE APPROACH TO EVALUATING SOMEONE WITH SYNCOPE?

Approach

1.

Hx , Physical and ECG

form core workup (yields diagnosis in ~ 50 % of cases) 2. Cardiac causes carry a worse prognosis and should be excluded first 3. Exertional syncope or existing heart disease predicts worse outcomes and warrants more intense investigation 4. In the elderly think of polypharmacy

History : focus on...

Precipitating Factors – exertion, position, neck or arm movement, specific activities (urination, defecation) and stressful situations Associated Symptoms: – Nausea, diaphoresis, blurred vision - vasovagal – Diarrhea, Vx, GI bleed - volume contraction – Prodromal aura, incontinence - seizure Medications: – side effects, overdose, interactions – antiHTN, Digoxin, diuretics, antibiotics Family Hx: Long QT, WPW, HOCM, CAD, Brugada Syndrome

Physical Exam : focus on...

Vitals: Orthostatic, BP in both arms CSM (avoid if carotid bruits present) Cardiac exam Neurologic exam Misc: Pulses, bruits, OB in stool

Case 2

70 Woman PMH: CAD Previous MI CABG x 3 10 yr. Ago Meds: Metoprolol, ASA, Fosinopril, recently started on clarithromycin for CAP Witnessed syncope lasting 15 sec.

Palpitations prior to event ECG: Inferior Q waves, no arrhythmias SHOULD SHE BE ADMITTED TO HOSPITAL?

WHAT INVESTIGATIONS ARE INDICATED?

When to Hospitalize?

1. For Investigation: structural heart disease, arrhythmias or ischemia (palpitations or chest pain), or abnormal ECG 2. For Treatment: obstructive HD, severe orthostasis, or adverse drug reactions 3. Consider in all patients with injury following syncope

Investigations for Suspected Cardiac Syncope

Guided by history, physical and clinical suspicion (ie/risk factors, age >60) Echo - abnormalities found in 5-10 % but these may not relate to sx Stress testing if ischemic arrhythmia suspected Prolonged ECG recording Electrophysiologic testing If above testing is negative and syncope recurrent, evaluate for neurally mediated syncope

ECG Features Suggesting Arrhythmic Etiology

Bifasicular block Intraventricular conduction abn (QRS>.12) Mobitz II AV block Sinus brady, sinus block or sinus pause >3 sec in absence of negative chronotropes Pre-excited QRS Prolonged QT Brugada Syndrome:RBBB and ST elevation V1-V3 Neg T waves in R precordial leads, epsilon waves and ventricular late potentials (ARVD) Q waves

Electrocardiographic Monitoring

“

ECG monitoring is unlikely to be helpful in patients who do not have clinical or ECG features suggestion an arrhythmic syncope and therefore should not be performed”

Electrocardiographic Monitoring

In hospital monitoring if high risk Holter monitoring – True + (arrhythmias with sx) ~ 4% of tests – True - (sx with no arrhythmia) ~ 17% of tests Loop recording for longer monitoring – External if inter-symptom interval <4 wks Consider EPS in anyone with structural heart disease with a non-diagnostic Holter

Case 3

82 Man PMH: HTN, BPH, Glaucoma, COPD, Depression Meds: Diltiazem, ASA, Salbutamol, Ipratropium, Prazosin, Paroxetine, Tyl #3, Omeprazole Syncope while urinating in early AM, shortly after rising Trauma to forehead from episode YOUR DIAGNOSIS IS NEURALLY-MEDIATED SITUATIONAL SYNCOPE WHAT INVESTIGATIONS DOES HE NEED?

Investigations for Suspected Neurally Mediated Syncope

The majority of patient with single or rare episodes do not require confirmatory tests Investigations in patients without suspected heart disease and

recurrent or severe syncope:

– Tilt testing – Carotid massage – Prolonged ECG monitoring

Case 1 35 Woman  Unwitnessed loss of consciousness (1st. Event)  No palpitations or preceding symptoms  PMH: Hypothyroidism on replacement  Exam normal  No sequelae  No injuries Case 2 70 Woman  PMH: CAD - Previous MI CABG x 3 10 yr. Ago  Meds: Metoprolol, ASA, Fosinopril, recently started on clarithromycin for CAP  Witnessed syncope lasting 15s  Palpitations prior to event  ECG: Inferior Q waves, no arrhythmias Case 3 82 Man  PMH: HTN, BPH, Glaucoma, COPD, Depression  Meds: Diltiazem, ASA, Salbutamol, Ipratropium, Prazosin, Paroxetine, Tyl #3, Omeprazole  Syncope while urinating in early AM, shortly after rising  Trauma to forehead from episode WHAT IS THE PROGNOSIS FOR EACH OF THESE PATIENTS WITH SYNCOPE?

Risk Stratification and Prognosis in Syncope

Structural heart disease is the most important predictor of mortality and sudden death in patients with syncope Poor Prognosis Structural heart disease Excellent Prognosis Young, healthy, normal ECG Neurally-mediated syncope Orthostatic hypotension Unexplained syncope

Prognosis in Syncope

(from Framingham database)

Etiology Total Mortality

1yr 5yr 15% 40% Cardiac Noncardiac Neurologic Vasovagal/Others Unknown

Controls w/o syncope

5% 2% 5% 2% 30% 15% 25% 15% NEJM 2002;347:878

Summary

Syncope is a common symptom History/Physical can establish a diagnosis in 50% of cases The approach involves risk assessment for the presence of cardiac disease Investigations and Treatment are tailored to the suspected etiologic cause of syncope

Extras...

Driving after syncope Treatment of syncope Mechanism of Vasovagal syncope Tilt-table testing Neurologic evaluation Psychiatric evaluation

Driving and Syncope

Driving and Syncope

Physicians are obliged to disclose risk of driving to patients and advise them not to drive 7 provinces (including Ontario) and all territories have mandatory reporting legislation

Private Single episode of vasovagal No restriction Dx and tx cause (ie/ PPM) Wait 1 week Reversible cause (ie/ hemorrhage) No restriction Situational w/avoidable trigger Wait 1 week Unexplained Single episode Recurrent Recurrent Vasovagal Wait 1 week Wait 3 months Wait 1 week Commercial No restriction Wait 1 month No restriction Wait 1 week Wait 12 months Wait 12 months Wait 12 months

Syncope and Driving

Further guidelines exist for patients with arrhythmia, MI, valvular heart disease and devices See CCS Consensus Conference 2003: Assessment of Cardiac Patients for Fitness to Drive and Fly. Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 2004, 20(13): 1313-1323.

Treatment of Syncope

Treatment

Identifiable arrhythmia, structural heart disease, or non-syncopal event: Rx accordingly

Treatment: Neurally-Mediated

Education and reassurance usually sufficient Additional treatment may be warranted if: – Very frequent – Unpredictable and exposes pts to trauma It may be valuable to assess the relative contribution of cardioinhibition and vasodepression

Treatment: Nonpharmacologic

Avoid trigger events Modify or discontinue hypotensive drugs Other – Increase fluid intake (2L water/day) – Salt supplements – Isometric leg and arm counter-pressure maneuvers – Tilt training – Compression Stockings

Treatment: Drugs

Beta-blockers discouraged in 2004 ESC guidelines Other meds with

limited

evidence: – Fludricortisone – Midodrine – SSRIs – Others

Treatment: Devices

Permanent dual chamber pacing may have a role in: – Those with no prodrome – Failure of other therapies – Profound bradycardia or asystole during syncope >5 attacks per year Age >40

Mechanism of Vasovagal Syncope

Mechanism of Vasovagal Syncope

Bezold –Jarisch Reflex: Excessive venous pooling triggers a chain of events that culminates in vasodilatation and bradycardia (instead of the physiologic compensatory responses of vasoconstriction and tachycardia) This in turn leads to the hypotension and loss of consciousness associated with vasovagal syncope.

Common Triggers in Situational Syncope

Defecation Micturition (especially in elderly men with BPH that wake up at night and strain to pass urine) Heavy straining Cough All situations that induce valsalva => – decreased preload + – cardioinhibitory and vasodepressor reflexes produced by central baroreceptors

Tilt-Table Testing

Vasovagal Syncope

Test = Head Up Tilt-table testing using a provocative agent (Isoproterenol or Nitroglycerin): Sn and Sp difficult to evaluate because of lack of gold standard ACC has guidelines on testing (JACC 1996:28 pg 263-275)

Head-up Tilt table testing

Indicated in:

1. Recurrent syncope 2. Single syncopal event resulting in injury or occurring in high risk setting 3. Where the treatment of syncope may be complicated by vasovagal symptoms

Contraindicated in

presence of obstructive heart disease or cerebrovascular stenosis

Neurologic and Psychiatric Testing

Neurologic Testing

Low yield: – EEG ~ 2% – CT head ~ 4% – Doppler carotids (no studies) The majority of positives can be identified by history: e.g. seizure events Bottom line: only indicated if suspicion of seizure or neuro deficits present

Psychiatric evaluation

Syncope can be a feature of: – Anxiety disorders: Gen anxiety or panic – Somatization – Substance abuse These tend to occur recurrently in younger patients without heart disease In elderly patients organic (i.e. cardiac) causes must be excluded