Transcript Economic Transformation 1820 -1860

Economic Transformation
1820 -1860
Chapter 9
American Industrial Revolution
• Industrialization came to the United States
between 1790 and 1820 as merchants and
manufacturers increased output of goods by
reorganizing work and building factories
• Mass Production allowed goods that were
once only available to the wealthy, can now be
bought by almost anyone.
American Industrial Revolution
American Industrial Revolution
• two great changes defined the early
nineteenth century American economy:
• 1) the growth and mechanization of industry
• (the Industrial Revolution)
• 2) and the expansion and integration of
markets (the Market Revolution).
Out Work System
• The “outwork system” was a more efficient
division of labor and lowered the price of
goods, but it eroded workers’ control over the
pace and conditions of work.
• Manufacturers used newly improved
stationary steam engines to power their mills
and used power-driven machines and
assembly lines to produce new types of
products
James Watt
Inventor of the Steam Engine
Born in Scotland in 1736
Developed the Unit of measure
Horsepower.
One Horse could pull 33,000 pounds for
one foot in one minute.
His steam engines were adopted by
American and British Textile Mills.
Factories
• For tasks not suited to outwork, factories were
created where work was concentrated under
one roof and divided into specialized tasks.
The Textile Industry and British
Competition
• Some Britons feared that American
manufacturers would become exporters not
only to foreign countries but even to England.
• British textile manufacturers were particularly
worried about American competition; Britain
prohibited the export of textile machinery and
the emigration of mechanics who knew how
to build it, but many mechanics disguised
themselves as ordinary laborers and set sail.
The Textile Industry and British
Competition
• Samuel Slater brought to America a design for
an advanced cotton spinner; the opening of
his factory in 1790 marked the advent of the
American Industrial Revolution.
• America had an abundance of natural
resources, but British companies were better
established and had less-expensive shipping
rates, lower interest rates, and cheaper labor
The Textile Industry and British
Competition
• Congress passed protective legislation in 1816
and 1824, levying high taxes on imported
goods; tariffs were reduced again in 1833, and
some textile firms went out of business.
• American producers used two other strategies
to compete with their British rivals . First, they
improved on British technology; second, they
found less expensive workers.
The Textile Industry and British
Competition
• By copying the machines of British textile
mills, Francis Cabot Lowell’s Boston
Manufacturing Company was able to build the
Waltham factory, the first American factory to
perform all the operations of clothmaking
under one roof at higher speeds than British
mills and with fewer workers.
The Textile Industry and British
Competition
• “Waltham plan,” in which the company
recruited farm women and girls as textile
workers who would work for low wages.
• By the early 1830s more than 40,000 New
England women worked in textile mills;
women often found this work oppressive, but
many gained a new sense of freedom and
autonomy.
Conclusion
• By combining improved technology, female
labor, and tariff protection, the Boston
Manufacturing Company sold textiles more
cheaply than the British.
American Technological Innovation
• 1820’s American Craftsmen replace British
Craftsmen
• Creation of Mechanical Institutes help to
spread technological innovation
• Creation of Machine Tools help to keep
industrial revolution going in the United States
• Eli Whitney developed Inter-changeable parts.
Aids in creation of American Firearms
Industry.
Eli Whitney
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•
1765 – 1825
Attended Yale College
Known for invention of the Cotton Gin
Created interchangeable parts which
helped to speed up manufacturing.
• The Cotton Gin increased the South
reliance on Slaves for its economics
• Even though the Cotton Gin is arguably
Eli Whitney’s most well known
invention, he made very little money
from the invention due to constantly
fighting patent infringement lawsuits.
Wage Workers and Labor Movement
• Industrial Revolution changed the nature of
work and the lives of workers.
• Craftsman Developed an “Artisan Republican
Ideology”
• As outwork increases, more workers become
wage workers and the Artisan Republican
Ideology dies out.
Wage Workers and Labor Movement
• Some journeymen formed unions and
bargained with their employers, particularly
with the hope of setting a ten-hour workday.
• The new industrial system divided the
traditional artisan class into two groups: self
employed craftsmen and wage-earning
craftsmen.
Wage Workers and the Labor
Movement
• In 1830, factory workers banded together to
form the Mutual Benefit Society to seek
higher pay and better conditions. In 1834, the
National Trades Union was founded.
• By the 1850s, labor supply exceeded demand,
and unemployment rose to 10 percent,
resulting in a major recession and the Panic of
1857.
The Market Revolution
• As Factories turned out more goods,
Businessman and legislators created faster
ways to get those goods to market.
• This creates need for a faster more efficient
transportation system.
• 1) Building of roads and bridges
• 2) Canals and water transportation to ship
goods
• 3) Rail roads.
Erie Canal
Erie Canal
Erie Canal
• When the Erie Canal was completed in 1825,
it spanned New York State from the Hudson
River in Albany to Lake Erie in Buffalo.
Although the canal did not receive much
support in the beginning, it soon proved to be
a great benefit to New York and the entire
country
Erie Canal
• The National Road and other interregional,
government-funded highways were too slow
and expensive to transport goods and crops
efficiently.
Erie Canal
• shipping costs from New York to the Midwest
dropped from $100 a ton to less than $10 a
ton.
• The time it took to ship the goods was cut
down by a third.
• Greatly increased trade for New York City
businesses
Erie Canal
• This influx of people opened up new markets
for New York City businesses. It also increased
the financial and physical growth of cities
along the canal route.
• Influx__________________
• The canal also created easy access for
European businesses wanting to reach the
Midwest
Erie Canal
• New York became the main international gateway
to the resources of the Midwest. It also became
the financial capital of the nation.
• the canal created a bond between the people
living in the East and West. This helped
strengthen the Union.
• The East also began to rely on the West for
agricultural products, as well as the profits from
exporting them to Europe.
Erie Canal
• The North grew rich from trade. The South,
with its slave economy, became the weaker
region.
• Northerners became the dominant group in
the Midwest and began to influence the
politics and culture of this region.
• For example, many Northerners felt that
slavery should not be brought into the
Western territories
Steamboat
• Steamboat is invented by Robert Fulton in 1807,
named the Clemont, used to navigate up the
Hudson River.
• Helps to ensure the success of water borne
transportation.
• Gibbons v. Ogden- Supreme Court voided a
monopoly on steamboat travel in New York City
and established federal control over inter-state
travel.
• No state law could impede the flow of goods,
services and new across the nation
Assignment
• Directions: Write a one to two page paper
discussing the following topics
• 1. Describe in your own words three key changes
(geographic, economic, and political) that the
construction of the Erie Canal brought to New
York.
• 2. Describe in your own words three key changes
(geographic, economic, and political) that the
construction of the Erie Canal brought to the
United States.
Changes in the Social Structure
• The Industrial Revolution shattered the
traditional rural social order and created a society
composed of distinct regions, classes, and
cultures. (MAIN IDEA)
• In the cities the Rich 1 Percent own 40% of the
property and nearly all the stock and bonds.
Gov’t taxed property, but not stocks and bonds,
thus allowing the rich to get rich at the expense
of the poor. ( Think: Rich get richer; poor get
poorer). (Economic & Political)
Changes in the Social Structure
• Wealthy families begin to distance themselves
from their less wealthy counterparts
• Cities become segregated based off of wealth,
class, ethnicity, and race. (Social)
Emergence of a Middle Class
• A distinct middle-class culture emerged as the
per capita income of Americans rose about 2.5
percent per year between 1830 and the Panic
of 1857. (economic)
• Middle-class Americans secured material
comfort for themselves and education for
their children, and they stressed discipline,
morality, and hard work (Social)
Emergence of A Middle Class
• Business Elite and the middle class stress, hard
work as the key factor in economic mobility
• Reflected in the idea of the self-made man
• Self Made Man
• Hard Work is key to success
• Those who work harder and succeed are better than
those who are lazy or handed everything in life
• Celebrate individual accomplishment.
Urban Workers and the Poor
• Bottom 10% of the labor force owned little to
no property (economic)
• Jobs for this group were: seasonal, dangerous,
part-time or inconsistent.
• This forces parents to send their children into
the labor force/ Death of a parent means
poverty for the family. (Social)
Urban Workers and the Poor
• Crowded and filthy living conditions, poor
sanitation, high rates of alcoholism and use of
opium or other narcotics
The Irish
The Irish
• The Great Famine or the Potato Famine
occurred between 1845 to 1852.
• This was a time of disease and mass starvation
that caused many to leave Ireland
• The United States became the destination for
many Irish due to the booming industrial
economy, open land, and relatively easy
immigration requirements
Irish Immigration
The Irish
• Found work in New York City, New England City
and the industrial centers of Mid-West (think
Chicago, Detroit).
• The Irish were the poorest of all immigrants that
came during the Industrial Revolution
• Took the lowest paying / dirtiest jobs
• The vast majority of the Irish that came to the
United States were Catholic
• Causes growth of the American Catholic Church.
Irish in America
Irish and Nativism
• Nativism-belief that the native born people are
culturally superior to those that are not native
born.
• Native Born in United States = W.A.S.P
• White. Anglo-Saxon. Protestant
• Arrival of Non-Native immigrants creates Social
tension
• Formation of Nativist Groups try to block/create
immigration quotas. Anti-Catholic Leagues
Irish and Nativism
• Leads to Anti-Irish Violence
– Many feel that the Irish labor competition causes
wages to be lower / They Took our Jobs!!!!!!!
– Protestant business owners would not hire or
promote Irish
– Some businesses, hotels, saloons and stores banned
Irish from entering.
– Irish are viewed as being Un-American/ lacking
American values
• Alcoholic
• Papists- Hold the Pope over American Republicanism
• Violent/ Always Fighting
Social Reform
• The Second Great Awakening- Protestant
Revivalism.
• Key Figure:
• Charles Grandison Finney
• Man could choose salvation; material wealth does
not determine salvation
• Appealed to new middle class and upper classes
• Rejected by the Irish due to his Protestant
background
• Focused on the importance of social work,
primarily with the poor
•
Temperance Movement
• Temperance- Social movement to end the sale
and/or consumption of alcohol
• Alcohol is viewed as the caused of social and
moral decay in America.
– Blamed for Irish poverty and domestic violence
– Drinking causes laziness, violence and sloth.
Barrier to social and economic mobility.
Temperance Movement
• Most successful of all social movements
• Focused on religion, family, prayer and group
confession
• 1830 alcohol consumption 5 gallons per
person/yr
• 1845 alcohol consumption 2 gallons per
person/ yr
Exit Questions
• What social classes were created by the
economic revolution? Describe their
characteristics
• Describe the importance of Industrial and
Market Revolution in changing the economy
of the United States.