Transcript Chapter 18
Life at the Turn of the Twentieth Century I. The Expansion of Education A. A democracy functions best when its citizens can read and write B. Most children received a basic education (only 2% finished high school) C. Farmers children only attended from Nov. to April D. Many child labor laws were passed around 1900 E. The Americanization of immigrants Public schools played a vital role in assimilating immigrants Many immigrants moved here for the opportunity of a free education Learning to read and write in English prepared immigrants for American citizenship II. Expansion of higher education College enrollment doubled between 1890 and 1910 Opportunity for higher ed. set the U.S. apart from other countries Philanthropists made education a possibility for many III. Discrimination in education A. Immigrants, the poor, and minorities were less likely to receive an education B. Separate women’s universities were established try to segregate C. African Americans were not allowed to attend most universities A few did allow them: Oberlin, Bates, Bowdoin Several African American universities were established to provide for them: Wilberforce, Howard, Atlanta, etc. Number of African Americans receiving a degree was very small IV. Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois A. Booker T. Washington thought African Americans should focus on alleviating their economic situation before worrying about their political situation (focus on education). 1. Stressed vocational education and job training 2. “as much dignity in tilling a field as in writing a poem” B. W.E.B. Du Bois was the first African American to earn a PhD from Harvard 1. Fought for economic, political, and social equality 2. Founded the Niagara Movement 3. Helped form the NAACP Part Two: The Jim Crow era A. Voting restrictions 1. Poll tax 2. Literacy tests 3. Grandfath er clauses Segregation Segregation Separation of people by race de facto segregation – caused by tradition (common thing, but not by law) Jim Crow laws (de jure – by law) – laws meant to segregate races and take away rights from African Americans C. Plessy vs. Ferguson The Civil Rights cases overturned the Civil Rights Act (1883) African American Homer Plessy sued for the right to sit wherever he wanted on the train The courts ruled that facilities and services needed to be separate-but-equal Jim Crow laws did not violate the 14th Amendment D. Violence against African Americans 1. Blacks were forced to follow strict etiquette codes 2. Breeches in these etiquette codes resulted in violence 3. From 1882 to 1892 over 1,200 blacks were lynched 4. Ida B. Wells led an anti-lynching campaign E. The Great Migration 1. Blacks moved north to escape violence and legal segregation; escape poverty and look for jobs 2. Discovered de facto segregation 3. Race riots erupted in many cities due to the white fear of job competition VI. Resisting Discrimination A. Many African American leaders rose to fight discrimination I. II. Booker T Washington WEB DuBois B. Organized the NAACP 1. Abolish segregation and discrimination 2. Oppose racism 3. Gain civil rights for African Americans 4/16 I. Review yesterday’s material II. Notes – Progressive Movement III. Labor Unions & Strikes – Graphic Organizers SWBAT Identify the significance of three different strikes/riots, as well as the purpose of labor unions. I. Reforms needed to clean up problems created by industrialization A. Progressives sought reform in four main areas 1. Social 2. Moral 3. Economic 4. Political 1. B. Four common goals of Progressives Gov. should be accountable to its citizens 2. Gov. should curb the power of wealthy interests 3. Gov. should expand to improve the lives of its citizens 4. Gov. should become efficient and less corrupt C. Muckrakers 1. Journalists who pointed out the evils of society 2. Upton Sinclair, The Jungle II. Progressive reforms in factories A. Poor working conditions needed to be reformed 1. Dangerous working conditions 2. Long hours, low wages, no job security, no benefits 3. Discrimination against women 4. Child labor B. Successful reforms 1. Organization s created to regulate factory working conditions 2. Standardizin g an 8 hour work day 3. Passing of child labor laws C. Progressive impacts on labor unions (strengthened) 1. Knights of Labor 2. American Federation of Labor (Samuel Gompers) 3. American Railway Union (Eugene V. Debs) 4. Industrial Ladies’ Garment Workers Unions D. Major strikes 1. Haymarke t Square 2. Homestea d Strike 3. Pullman Strike III. Progressive accomplishments in A. Local governments government B. State governments 1. Referendums and initiatives 2. Recalls In elections C. In elections 1. Primary Elections 2. Direct election of U.S. Senators (17th Amendment) 3. Approval of the secret ballot system IV. Progressive federal reforms A. Theodore Roosevelt’s “Square Deal” B. Anti-trust laws 1. Sherman Anti-Trust Act banned any business that restricted trade 2. Clayton Anti-Trust Act expands the Sherman Act 3. Outlaws price-fixing 4. TR broke up holding companies that had monopolies Industry & Progressive Test Review 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. The Transcontinental Railroad Encourage westward settlement Grown and Expand Jobs available Cheap, run down apartment buildings Unsanitary Eastern & Southern Europe; Asia Variety of cultures in America working together 9-16 9. Steel making process 10. Carnegie-Steel; Morgan – Banking; Vanderbilt –Railroads; Rockefeller – Oil 11. Whitney-Cotton Gin; Edison – Light Bulb; Ford – Assembly Line (in making automobile); Wright Brothers – airplane 12. Government does not interfere with businesses 13. Assembly Line process of manufacturing 14. Journalists who exposed bad conditions of society 15. Progressive Movement 16. Safer work place conditions; better hours; better pay (make life better for citizens) 17-25 17. Vote on bill to become a law 18. Directly by people 19. Public officials 20. Primary Election 21. Lewis Hine 22. Sam Gompers 23. Attain voting rights for women (19th amendment) 24. Square Deal 25. land/job opportunities 26-34. 26. Land/job opportunities 27. 5th & 14th 28. Separate but Equal is legal 29. Booker T – Vocational education; WEB DuBois – demand political, economic, social equality 30. DuBois 31. Washington 32. Faced greater discrimination thru Jim Crow 33. Laws that forced segregation 34. Ida B. Wells