Transcript Document

Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY
(7th Ed)
Chapter 6
Perception
James A. McCubbin, PhD
Clemson University
Worth Publishers
Perception
• Selective Attention focus of conscious
awareness on a particular stimulus
Change Blindness
Perceptual Illusions
Perceptual Illusions
Perceptual Illusions
Perceptual Illusions
Perceptual Illusions
Perceptual Illusions
Perceptual Illusions
Perceptual Organization: Gestalt
• Visual Capture
o tendency
for vision to dominate the
other senses
• Gestalt--an organized whole
o tendency
to integrate pieces of
information into meaningful wholes
Perceptual Organization: Gestalt
• Grouping
o
the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli
into coherent groups
• Grouping Principles
o
o
o
o
o
proximity--group nearby figures together
similarity--group figures that are similar
continuity--perceive continuous patterns
closure--fill in gaps
connectedness--spots, lines, and areas are
seen as unit when connected
Perceptual Organization: Illusory
Contours
Perceptual Organization
• Figure and Ground--organization of the
visual field into objects (figures) that stand
out from their surroundings (ground)
Perceptual Organization:
Grouping Principles
Perceptual Organization: Closure
• Gestalt
grouping
principles
are at work
here.
Perceptual Organization:
Grouping Principles
• Gestalt
grouping
principles
are at work
here.
Perceptual Organization: Depth
Perception
• Depth Perception
o
o
ability to see objects in three dimensions
allows us to judge distance
• Binocular cues
o
retinal disparity
 images from the two eyes differ
 closer the object, the larger the disparity
o
convergence
 neuromuscular cue
 two eyes move inward for near objects
Perceptual Organization: Depth
Perception
Visual Cliff
Perceptual Organization: Depth
Perception
• Monocular Cues
o relative size
 smaller image is more distant
o interposition
 closer object blocks distant object
o relative
clarity
 hazy object seen as more distant
o texture
coarse --> close fine --> distant
Perceptual Organization: Depth
Perception
Relative Size
Perceptual Organization: Depth
Perception
Interposition
Perceptual Organization: Depth
Perception
• Monocular Cues (cont.)
o relative height
 higher objects seen as more distant
o relative
motion
 closer objects seem to move faster
o linear
perspective
 parallel lines converge with distance
o relative
brightness
 closer objects appear brighter
Perceptual Organization: Depth
Perception
Relative Height
Perceptual Organization: Depth
Perception
Perspective
Perceptual Organization: Depth
Perception
Light and Shadow
Perceptual Organization: Depth
Perception
Illusory Depth
Perceptual Constancy
• Perceptual Constancy
o perceiving objects as unchanging even as
illumination and retinal image change
 color
 shape
 size
Perceptual Organization
Perceptual Organization: Depth
Perception
Illusory Depth
Explanation
Perceptual Organization: MullerLyer Illusion
Perceptual Organization: SizeDistance Relationship
Perceptual OrganizationBrightness Contrast
Perceptual Organization:
Grouping Principles
• Impossible
doghouse
Sensory Restriction:
Blakemore & Cooper, 1970
• Kittens raised
without exposure to
horizontal lines later
had difficulty
perceiving
horizontal bars.
Perceptual Interpretation
• Perceptual Adaptation
o (vision) ability to adjust to an
artificially displaced visual field
prism glasses
• Perceptual Set
o a mental predisposition to perceive
one thing and not another
Perceptual Set: Schemas
• What you see in the center is
influenced by perceptual set
Perceptual Set: Schemas
Flying Saucers or Clouds?
Perception and the Human
Factor
• Human Factors Psychology
o
o
explores how people and machines interact
explores how machine and physical environments
can be adapted to human behaviors
Perceptual Set: Human
Factors
10
8
6
4
Altitude 2
(thousands 0
Pilot’s perceived
descent path
of feet)
Altitude looks
this much higher
Actual
descent
path
20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2
Distance from runway (miles)
Is There Extrasensory
Perception?
• Extrasensory Perception
o
controversial claim that perception can occur
apart from sensory input
 telepathy
 clairvoyance
 precognition
• Parapsychology
o
the study of paranormal phenomena
 ESP
 psychokinesis