Transcript Slide 1

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Did You Know?
An average adult has between 10 and 12 pints
of blood
7% of a person's body weight is made up of
blood
Human blood travels 60,000 miles per day
on its journey through the arteries,
arterioles and capillaries and back through
the venules and veins
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To survive what do cells need?
Food and Oxygen
A single celled animal like the amoeba, gets its
food and oxygen by allowing materials to move
across its cell membrane.
In large animals most cells are not close to the
surface of the body so they would not get supplies
quick enough.
So how does the food and oxygen get as far down
as your Big toe?
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Circulatory
System
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Composition of Blood
Plasma - Liquid part of the blood
Red Blood Cells
White Blood Cells
Platelets
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Blood is made up of 4 different substances:
1. Plasma –liquid part of the blood and is about
90% water it carries around the Red & White
blood cells, Platelets & Materials (e.g. CO2, O2,
nutrients, waste and heat).
2. Red Blood Cells – contain haemoglobin and
carries oxygen around the body.
3. White Blood Cells –fight infection.
4. Platelets –are involved in clotting the blood to
keep blood in & germs out.
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Plasma
acts as a transport medium for the cells and
dissolved substances e.g.
• Digestion products e.g. Glucose, amino acids,
fatty acids, glycerol, minerals and vitamins
• Large soluble proteins e.g. fibrinogen
• Wastes e.g. Carbon dioxide, urea
• Hormones e.g. Insulin
• Antibodies
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3 Types of Blood Cell
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Red Blood Cells
• Biconcave discs - greater surface area
• No Nucleus or Mitochondria
• Contain haemoglobin. Oxygen binds to the
haem (iron) part and forms oxyhaemoglobin &
gets carried around the body
• Live for 120 days, then broken down in the Liver
• Flexible Cell membrane - allows movement
• Made in red bone marrow of ribs & sternum
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 A Day in the Life of a Red Blood Cell
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Learning check
1. Blood is made up of 4 different substances,
name them.
2. What is Plasma made up of?
3. What chemical does Red Blood Cells contain?
4. What chemical does Red Blood Cells carry
around the body?
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White Blood Cells
• Have a Nucleus
• No definite shape
• Formed in red bone marrow
and mature in spleen
• Protect against disease
Two types
1.
Lymphocytes
Produce antibodies
2.
Monocytes
Engulf microorganisms
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 larger then red blood cell
 live for a few hours or days before being
replaced
 Immune System - Natural Killer Cell
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 Lymphocytes - Stored in lymphatic system
(spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, adenoids &
thymus gland), have large nucleus and make
antibodies. (25% of white cells)
 Introduction to how the immune system works
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Monocytes – engulf & digest bacteria, have
kidney shaped nucleus & live for 6-9 days (5%
of white cells)
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PLATELETS
• Tiny fragments of larger cells
•- Made in red bone marrow
• Important role in the clotting of the blood
• No nucleus
• Hemostasis - Helpful Blood Clotting
• How Does Blood Clot
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Learning check
1. What is the function of White Blood
Cells?
2. Name two types of white blood cells
and give the function of each type.
3. What is the function of Platelets?
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Functions of Blood
1. Transport:
a) Oxygen in the form of oxyhaemoglobin
around the body
b) carbon dioxide in the form of hydrogen
carbonate ions
c) products of digestion e.g. Glucose, amino acids
etc
d) waste products e.g. urea
e) hormones e.g. insulin
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2. Temperature Regulation:
a) Blood circulation carries heat from organs e.g.
Liver, muscles to cooler parts of the body. This
maintains a constant body temperature.
b) Blood brings water to sweat glands.
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3. Water & salt Regulation:
It keeps the amount of water & salt in the cells
at the correct level
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Total Body Balance of Sodium and Water
Water is gained from:
(1) Ingestion
(2) Oxidation of organic nutrients.
Water is lost from
(1) Skin via sweat glands
(2) Respiratory passageways
(3) Gastrointestinal tract
(4) Urinary tract. Water and salt balance is
primarily a result of regulation through urinary
loss.
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Interesting Facts About Water
75% of Americans are chronically dehydrated
In 37% of Americans, the thirst mechanism is so weak that it is
often mistaken by hunger
Even mild dehydration will slow down one's metabolism as
much as 3%
Lack of water is the #1 trigger of daytime fatigue
Preliminary research indicates that 8-10 glasses of water a day
could significantly ease back/joint pain for up to 80% of
sufferers
A mere 2% drop in body water can trigger fuzzy short-term
memory, trouble with basic math and difficulty focusing on a
computer screen or printed page
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4. Defence against disease:
a) Monocytes: phagocytic action destroys
invading bacteria
b) Lymphocytes: produce antibodies - proteins
our white blood cells make which stick to the
foreign chemical (antigen) and mark it for
destruction by other defence cells.
c) Platelets: They circulate in the blood of and
are involved in the formation of blood clots.
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Learning check
1. What is the function of Red Blood Cells
- 4?
2. Explain.
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Classifications
There are eight blood groups and they are
classified using two systems.
1.ABO System
2.Rhesus system
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ABO System
The first system is called the ABO System and it
has four main groups:
1. O Group
2. A Group
3. B Group
4. AB Group
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ABO Blood Groups
Type A
Type B
A
Type AB
B
Type O
B
A
Antigen
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Rhesus System
The second system is called the Rhesus
System and is classified as:
1. Rhesus Positive (+) and
2. Rhesus Negative (-).
The Rh Factor
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The two systems combine to define the
following of eight different blood groups of
O-, O+, A-, A+, B-, B+, AB- and AB+.
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Blood Group Compatibility
A person with AB+ blood type can receive
blood from all of the major blood type
groups.
At the other extreme people with O- blood
type can only receive blood from donors
with the same blood type.
Blood group O is the universal
donor as it can be given to all
the 4 blood groups.
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Irish Blood Group Type
Frequency Distribution
Blood group O Positive is the most common
group in Ireland while AB negative is the
least common.
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Blood Group Distribution Facts
 The most common blood group in Ireland is O positive (47% of
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the population)
The rarest blood group in Ireland is AB negative (1% of the
population)
The most common blood group is O, accounting for about 46% of
the world's population. However, in some areas other blood
groups predominate, in Norway for example, type A is the most
prevalent
People in the West of Ireland are predominantly of blood group O
There is a higher concentration of Group A blood in counties
which historically received Viking, Anglo Norman and English
population settlements
There are more people with Rhesus negative blood on the East
coast than the West
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The presence or absence of different
glycoprotein's molecules on the surface of
the red blood cells determines the blood
It is essential to know
group, they act as antigens
i.e.
a persons blood
Blood group:
group for safe blood
transfusions
• A has A A
antigens on the
red blood cells.
• B has B Bantigens on the red blood cells.
• AB has AB antigens on the red blood cells.
AB
• O has neither antigen on the red blood cells.
O
• ABO system
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Rhesus System
85% of Irish people have rhesus chemical on
surface of red blood cell. 15% don’t.
Rhesus factor is important in pregnancy as
problems may arise in second and further
pregnancies if the mother is Rh - and the baby is
Rh +
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• Red blood cells in the infant's blood are
destroyed by antibodies in the mother's
blood.
• If Rh-positive blood is transfused into an
Rh-negative person, the latter will gradually
develop antibodies called anti-Rh
agglutinins, that attach to the Rh-positive
red blood cells, causing them to agglutinate
/ clumped together.
• Could result in the death of the infant if the
condition is not recognized and treated.
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Learning check
1. There are eight blood groups and they
are classified using two systems, explain.
2. Explain Blood Group Compatibility.
3. What do the presence or absence of
glycoprotein's molecules on the surface
of the red blood cells determine?
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Blood Type
Important when giving blood transfusions
to match the blood group as transfusion
with incompatible blood causes clumping of
the donor red blood, which could lead to
kidney failure in 3 days & death in 8 days.
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Karl Landsteiner
 Discovered that most red blood cells
contain a complex carbohydrate and protein
chemical on the surface membrane.
 Red Blood Cell’s can be placed into blood
groups depending on the types chemicals
attached to their cell membrane.
 Blood Types: ABO and Rh 13mins
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