Transcript DO NO HARM - Wageningen UR

“DO NO HARM”
Local Capacities for Peace Project
A collaborative effort, inductive and reflective
learning process involving donor agencies,
international humanitarian agencies and local
/field aid workers –(from 1992) Triggered by
events in Eastern Europe & Africa
The framework is a series of steps (a set
of tools) for systematic analysis of the
various factors that describe and identify a
specific context of violent conflict and
interactions between humanitarian
/development assistance and the conflict
situation
It helps aid /development workers and
donors to understand the complex relationship
between aid and a conflict
It can be used as a planning, monitoring,
evaluation and a programme review tool
THE CONTEXT OF CONFLICT
- DETAILED CONFLICT
PROFILE
DIVIDERS
AID
CONNECTORS
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2.
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4.
5.
Systems and
Institutions
Attitudes and
Actions
Different Values
and Interests
Different
Experiences
Symbols and
Occasions
1.
ORG.MANDATE
HQ. POLICIES
FUNDRASING
2.
3.
PROGRAMME
WHY
WHEN
WHERE
WHAT
WITH WHOM
BY- WHO
HOW
RESOURCE TRANFERS
IMPLICIT ETHICAL MESSAGES
4.
5.
Systems and
Institutions
Attitudes and
Actions
Shared Values
and Interests
Common
Experiences
Symbols and
Occasions
O
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D
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Lessons Learned
•
The Context of Conflict is characterized by two
sets of realities.
The Division and Tensions between groups War Interests or Capacities for War
Surprising and far more interesting - the
context of conflict is also characterized by
things that connect the sides at war - local
capacities for peace.
Humanitarian/development assistance is
given to meet emergency /development needs
of the client communities
Lessons Learned Cont:
These needs are, at least in part, created by insecurity,
warring and or breakdown in social institutions
When aid is given in the context of conflict, it becomes a
part of that context and either reinforces and
exacerbates the divisions and tensions or supports and
strengthens capacities for peace
Even where there is there is no active violent conflict
development assistance can trigger latent conflict into
valence
Not all aspects of the entire Aid have a purely positive or
a poorly negative effect but only discrete elements
(details) within it
Step 1
Analysis of the
CONTEXT OF CONFLICT
 Identify and describe the actual (geographical) location of conflict –
where ?
 Identify the conflicting parties, describe and name them; describe
other groups behind the scenes and those not actually fighting –
who?
 Describe how the fighting is organized, and weapons used –how?
 Describe and quantify the nature and magnitude of destruction of
property, loss of lives, displacements and suffering – what?, who?,
how many?
 Describe the activities which the groups are normally engaged in
when there is no war – daily lives, non-war activities
 Find out reasons why the groups are fighting
 Describe, if any, the kind of assistance provided by any agency, how
it is provided and who are the primary and secondary stakeholders
Ensure that your conflict profile is as detailed as possible if your
analysis is incomplete, your conclusions will be insufficient and your
project design inadequate
Step 2
Identify, analyze, disaggregate and categorize
DIVIDERS
The more obvious tensions and divisions or war interests in conflict
situations are called Dividers. These are categorized as follows:-
1. Systems and Institutions
2. Attitudes and Actions
3. Different Values and Interests
4. Different Experiences
5. Symbols and Occasions
Step 3
Identify, analyze, disaggregate and categorize
CONNECTORS
In the midst of warfare, there continue to exist a whole
series of things that connect people who are fighting.
These are called Connectors and are categorized as
follows:-
1. Systems and Institutions
2. Attitudes and Actions
3. Shared Values and Interests
4. Common Experiences
5. Symbols and Occasions
Step 4
Analyze, disaggregate and un pack the elements of the
AID PROGRAMME
Aid programmes are multi-layered and wrapped up "packaged" in
organizational policies and programmatic issues and decisions.
Each and every decision has its own effects on the dividers and
connectors
1. Organizational Layers
The Organizational mandate
Headquarter Policies and Arrangements
Fund raising – Resource mobilization, allocation and donor
conditions
Aid and emergency relief are often provided with the best of motives:
• to assist people in desperate situations to recover their dignity
• to support their efforts to build sustainable livelihoods in the future,
• to empower them to challenge injustice.
Step 4 cont
Analyze disaggregate and un pack the elements of the
AID PROGRAMME cont.
2. Programme Layers
The usual programme planning monitoring and evaluation
Questions and Issues
Why?
Justification
Where?
Location
What
Hard /Software
When?
Time frame
With Whom?
Partners
By Whom?
Staffing
How?
Strategies
Answers and details for each of these questions matter
Step 5
Identify and analyze the
MECHANISMS
by which Aid interacts with and dividers / connectors
There are two clear patterns in through which aid interacts
with conflict –
i. Resource Transfers (RTs)
i. Implicit Ethical Messages (IEMs)
From these patterns and relationships
•
•
•
anticipate interactions in different settings
think in advance, on how to avoid the negative, conflict-reinforcing
impacts
encourage the positive, conflict-reducing impacts
Step 5 cont
Resource Transfers
All aid programmes involve transfer of some resources into
a resource-scarce environment of conflict
For the local people, these resources represent power and
wealth. Hence they become part and parcel of the
conflict, frequently changing the balance of power in
the community.
The five mechanisms include
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Theft, Allocation Effects - Diversion of resources
Market Effects - Distortion of local economy
Distributional Effects - control of resources
Substitution Effects - Undermining local
production and creating dependency syndrome
v. Legitimization De-legitimization Effects Manipulation of persons and groups
Step 5 cont.
Implicit Ethical Messages
While the intended message of aid is one of compassion and solidarity,
the unintended messages from the attitudes , conduct and
relationships of aid workers often reinforce violent conflict.
The LCP Project has identified seven types of negative implicit ethical
messages
i. Arms and Power- Acceptance of the terms of war
ii. Disrespect, Mistrust - Competition among Aid
Agencies
iii. Aid Workers and Impunity – Waste of resources
iv.Different Values for Different Lives and Items Undermining normal, peace-time values
v. Powerlessness – Not taking responsibility for own
actions
vi.Belligerence attitude - Tension, Suspicion
vii.Publicity – unbalanced reporting
Step 6
Develop alternative
PROGRAMME OPTIONS
The analysis of how a particular assistance programme interacts with
specific conflict through RTs and IEMs, clarifies the impacts of aid on
the conflict situation
If the impact is negative i.e.:If some aspects of the programme tend to worsen /
strengthen divisions and or weaken connectors
If some aspects of the programme seem to be missing
opportunities to reduce divisions or to strengthen connectors
Develop alternative options; Brainstorm
 Take specific local circumstances into account
 Think outside the box
 Be creative and innovative
 Do not generalize
 Cross check ideas and options generated
Step 7
REDESIGN
the Programme
The process of programme design and redesign must be dynamic.
Conflict itself is dynamic; a "divider" today may be a "connector"
tomorrow and vice versa. The process should therefore be
interactive and repeatedly used to check the effects of the
programme on conflict
 Look at the complete aid programme in its context and
identify all the ways in which that aid programme interacts
with the conflict.
 Think of options, in that context, for delivering the same
goods without repeating the negative impacts and, where
possible, enhancing the positive impacts.
Discovering And Enhancing New
Capacities For Peace
In every intense conflict:• there are people who become involved simply
because they could see no way out.
• Others remain silent and accept what is done in
their name because to resistance would demand
too high a price.
• The compelling sense of group identity in, for
example, an “ethnic” conflict, is born primarily of
fear
• Group / ethnic identity overwhelms other
sentiments such as morality and friendship with
members of the “enemy” group
AID
AND
PEACE
There here are three ways in which Aid can strengthen and support both new
and existing capacities for peace, without drastic changes in the aid
programmes themselves
Space:
•
•
Aid can provide space for people to act in “non-war” ways, and engage with
those in the opposing side / s in joint initiatives
Agencies can encourage people to keep alive the hope of a shared future,
and perhaps help to work towards such a vision
Voice:
•
•
Agencies can use aid to provide a forum where peace and cooperation can
be discussed
They initiate discussions on peace and conflict resolution in meetings and
workshops
Incentives:
•
•
•
•
Agencies can use their financial and other resources and their access to the
wider world and to the media, to encourage actions and expressions of view
which work towards peace.
They can discourage activities which promote hostility.
They can adopt a clear policy to counter war-related propaganda with
information
They motivate people to withdraw their support for, and participation in
hostilities
“DO NO HARM” CHECKLIST
Envelop questions to check the following
Impacts on Other Communities
• The relationship between the people your organization is assisting
and their neighbors
Effects of Resources on Perceptions and Relationships
• Other organization / s or someone else already doing similar
activities in the same area your organization is operating or nearby
Reactions
• Promotion of tolerance and acceptance
Risk of Violence
• Assessment of the risks of violence in the place where the activities
are implemented and in the surrounding areas
Long Term Effects
• The long-term consequences on inter-communal relations of these
activities in the way you do them
Exercise
Yellow People
Quick Help
Agency
Green People
Displace
d
Blue People
Breaking News:
Human catastrophe –
Genocide in the making
Thousands displaced
Women and children
dying of cholera
outbreak.
Men slaughtered as the
Green people military
forces invade and annex
the northern province of
Blue people country.
Yellow people
government vowed to
attack Green People if
the government does
not stop incursion.
You are staff of QHA.
What means can you
use to get quick aid to
the displaced in Blue
People country?