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SOLUTION
POWDER
PESSARIES
POULTICE
PILL
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DEFINITION
• Solution is a homogenous mixture of a solid, liquid or
gas in another liquid and represents a group of
preparations in which the molecules of the solute are
dispersed among those of the solvents and are intended
for external and internal use.
COMPOSITION OF SOLUTION
1- Active
2- Excipients
•
Vehicle (e.g. purified water)
• Co-solvents (e.g. glycerin)
• Solubilizing agents (e.g. surface active agents)
• Preservatives (e.g. boric acid)
• Sweetener (e.g. glucose)
• Viscosity modifiers (e.g. hydrophilic polymers)
• Anti oxidants (e.g. butylated hydroxytoluene)
• Buffers (e.g. citrate buffer)
• Flavorings
• Colorants
PREPARATION OF SOLUTION
Simple solution
Solution by chemical
reaction
Solution by extraction
1- Simple solution method
2- Solution by chemical reaction
3- Solution by extraction
CLASSIFICATION OF SOLUTION
1- Aqueous solutions
• Aromatic water (e.g. Peppermint Water U.S.P)
• Aqueous acids (e.g. Diluted HCl U.S.P)
• Douches (e.g. Astringent Douche )
• Enemas (e.g. Evacuate enema)
• Mouthwashes (e.g. Sodium chloride mouthwash)
• Gargles (e.g. Phenol Gargel)
• Irrigation solutions (e.g. sodium chloride irrigation
U.S.P)
• Juices (e.g. Cherry Juice U.S.P)
• Nasal solutions (e.g. Ephedrine Sulfate solution U.S.P)
• Otic solutions (e.g. Benzocaine Otic solution U.S.P)
• Ophthalmic solutions (e.g. Zinc sulphate eyedrop)
2- Sweet or viscid solutions
• Syrups (e.g. Wild Cherry Syrup U.S.P)
• Mucilages (e.g. Acacia Mucilage)
• Honey (e.g. Acid honey)
• Jellies (e.g. Lidocaine HCl Jelly U.S.P )
3- Non aqueous solutions
• Elixirs (e.g. Aromatic Elixir U.S.P)
• Spirits (e.g. lemon spirit B.P)
• Collodions (e.g. Salicylic Acid Collodion U.S.P)
• Glycerins (e.g. Starch Glycerite U.S.P)
• Liniments (e.g. Terpentine liniment)
• Oleo vitamins (e.g. Oleovitamin A & D, U.S.P )
LABELING
• Specify the route of administration
(oral or body cavity or topical).
• Keep away from excessive heat and sunlight.
• Keep at cool temperature.
• Special warning according to dosage form.
PACKAGING OF SOLUTIONS
BRANDS AVAILABLE IN PAKISTAN
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POWDERS
Are the solid dosage forms in a fine
state or dry meant for internal or
external uses, containing one or more
active ingredients.
OR
Dry mixtures of pulverized drugs, used
externally or internally.
COMPONENTS OF POWDERS
• Absorbent: To absorbs moisture and provide
drying effect.
• Glidant: To decrease the frictional force and
hence to increase the flow ability of powders.
• Anti-adherent: to prevent to the adhesion of tablet
powders.
• Preservatives: to minimize microbial growth.
• Refrigerant: provide cooling sensation.
TYPES OF POWDERS
1. Bulk powders.
2. Finely divided powders.
BULK POWDERS
• Contain non potent substances for
external or internal application.
•
These powders are Dispensed in glass,
plastic wide mouth bottles and also in
cardboard boxes.
•
These include following:
1. Dusting Powders:
Dusting powders are employed chiefly as lubricants,
protective, absorbents, antiseptics, antipruritics,
astringents and antiperspirants.
Dispensing:
• Sifter top container
• Pressurized aerosols
Examples:
• Talc dusting powders B.P
• Chlorohexidine dusting powders
2. Snuffs:
Inhaled into nostrils for decongestion,
and bronchodilator action.
Examples:
Black rapee
Dispensing:
>Cardboard with metal or plastic lid.
>Flat metal boxes with hinge lid.
antiseptic,
3. Douche Powders:
Used as antiseptics or cleansing agents
for a body cavity, most commonly for vaginal
use.
Dispensing:
• Wide mouth glass bottles
• Powder boxes
Examples:
• Trichotine powders
4. Dental Powders:
meant for cleaning the teeth, rarely
prescribed.
Dispensing:
>Metal tins
>Plastic bottles
Examples:
>Methyl parabene
4. Insufflations:
Insufflations are finely divided powders
introduced into body cavities such as
ears, nose, tooth sockets and vagina.
Dispensing:
• Pressure aerosols
• Spinhaler turbo-inhaler
Example:
• Norisodrine sulfate aero inhaler.
DIVIDED POWDERS
• Are dispensed in the form of
individual doses and generally are
dispensed in papers, properly
folded.
PAPER FOR DISPENSING
Four basic types of powder papers are available.
1. Vegetable parchment, a thin semi-opaque
moisture-resistant paper.
2. White bond, an opaque paper with no moisture
resistant properties.
3. Glassine, a glazed, transparent moisture-resistant
paper.
4. Waxed, a transparent waterproof paper
PREPARATION
Particle size
reduction
Powder
mixing
Packaging
Particle Size Reduction
Comminution
Trituration
Levigation
Pulverization
Powder Mixing
Spatulation Trituration
Sifting
Geometric
Dilution
Tumbling
LABELING
Storage Condition: Store in room temperature in
tightly closed container to protect it against
humidity of the air.
Advice for use:
• FOR BULK POWDER: Powders should be
dissolved or dispersed as appropriate in little water
before taking.
• FOR DIVIDED POWDERS: Patient should be
instructed that individual powders should be
dispersed in little water or placed back of the
tongue before swallowing.
CONTAINERS
ALUMINIUM CONTAINER
INSUFFLATOR
PLASTIC CONTAINER
powder sachet
sifter top container
BRANDS AVAILABLE IN
PAKISTAN
PESSARIES AND BOUGIES
WHAT ARE PESSARIES?
Pessaries are solid, bullet-shape
dosage form designed for easy
insertion into the vagina to support
or correct the position of uterus,
rectum or bladder, are a type of
suppository and containing
medicaments intended to exert a
local action. They can be inserted
using your fingers, or may come
with an applicator.
THE TERM “PESSARY” IS
USED IN THREE DIFFERENT
WAYS
COMPOSITION
•They contain more one or more active substances
dispersed or dissolved in a suitable bases that may
be soluble or dispersible in water or may melt at
body temperature. A base was required that would
melt at body temperature like theobroma oil (cocoa
butter) and a glycerin-gelatin mixture.
•These are normally made of a solid vegetable oil
that contains the medicine. The medicine is
gradually released into the vagina as the pessary
dissolves at body temperature.
• It is often made of plastic, latex or silicone,
available in various shapes and sizes to suit the
needs of the patient.
EXCIPIENTS such as diluents, adsorbents, surfaceactive agents, lubricants, antimicrobial preservatives
and colouring matter.
PREPARATION
•Moulds were normally in two parts, made
from stainless steel or brass (silver or electroplated to give a
smooth surface).
The larger size moulds are usually used in the preparation of
pessaries such as 4 g and 8 g moulds.
•On a large scale these preparations are made' by cold
compression. Cold base is forced into a
mould using specially designed machinery.
BRASS PESSARY
MOULD
CLASSIFICATION OF
PESSARIES
THERAPEUTIC
PESSARIES:
Therapeutic
pessaries are
used to support
the uterus,
Vagina,
Bladder,
or rectum.
PHARMACEUTI
-CAL
PESSARIES:
It is used as a very
effective means of
delivery of
pharmaceutical
substances easily
absorbed through
the skin of
the vaginal or
rectum.
OCCLUSIVE
PESSARIES
It is generally used
in combination
with spermicide as
a contraceptive.
Stem pessary: a
type of occlusive
pessary,Shape like
a dome.
TYPES
OF
PESSARIES
The Cube vaginal pessary is
for 3rd degree prolapse
including procidentia, as well
as a cystocele and rectocele
The Ring pessary is 1st or 2nd
degree prolapse. Pessary has
a folding action for easy
insertion.
The Gellhorn vaginal
pessary is for 2nd to 3rd
degree prolapse. Pessary
folds for easy insertion.
The Oval vaginal pessary is
for 1st or 2nd degree
prolapse. The Oval Pessary
has a folding action for easy
insertion.
The Donut vaginal pessary is for 3rd
degree prolapse as well as
cystocele and rectocele. The Donut
vaginal Pessary can be compressed
for easy insertion.
The Dish vaginal pessary is
for stress incontinence and
minor degrees of prolapse
The Shaatz vaginal pessary is
1st or 2nd degree
prolapse.Taahe Shaatz vaginal
pessary has a folding action
for easy insertion
The Gehrung Vaginal
pessary supports cystoceles
and rectoceles as well as
2nd to 3rd degree uterine
prolapse.
Regula vaginal
pessaryIndicated for 1st
and 2nd degree uterine
prolapse
HOW TO USE PESSARY
1.Wash your hands.
2. Read the medication label.
3. Remove any foil or plastic covering from
the pessary or applicator.
4. If an applicator is supplied, load it with the
pessary. If you are pregnant, DO NOT use
the applicator provided, but instead insert
the pessary using your finger.
5. While lying down, knees bent and spread
apart, gently insert the applicator (or
pessary) into the vagina as far as it will
comfortably go.
6. Press the plunger to deposit the pessary in
the vagina and withdraw the applicator.
7. Remain lying down for about 15 minutes
to avoid pessary from coming out.
8. Wash your hands again.
EXAMPLES
OF PESSARIES
•Femin - P - Nystatin
Pessaries BP
•Gynest - Clotrimazole
Pessaries BP
•Asfulvin - Griseofulvin
pessaries BP
PESSARIES
FITTING SET
BRANDS AVAILABLE
IN PAKISTAN
Bougies are solid preparations that are
designed to be inserted into
urethra,nose,or ear in order to exert a
local or systemic effect in a similar
manner to a modern suppository.
Types of bougies
a.
Urethral suppositories( called bougies)
b.
nasal suppositories(nasal bougies),
c.
ear suppositories(ear bougies)
 Urethral suppositories or bougies.
These intended for Insertion into urethra. these
are long thin and cylindrical with rounded corner
and vary in weight 2 to 4 gm and length 6 to 10
cm
Nasal suppositories or bougies.
These consist of solid unit dosage form meant for
introduction into nasal cavity. But are rarely
used now.
 Ear cones/ bougies:
These consist of solid unit dosage forms meant for
introduction into ear for their local action. Ear
cones rarely used now.
BASIC COMPONENTS OF BOUGIES
•bases oil and fat (theobroma oil ,coca butter),
•medicament(active ingredient)
•excipent
•hardening agent e.g. beeswax
• preservatives (antimicrobial)e.g. benzoic acid
•Thickening agent e.g. mg stearate
• buffering agent (for maintaining pH)
•water soluble base, such as polyethylene
glycol. (Suppositories made from polyethylene
glycol are commonly used in vaginal and
urethral suppositories.)
PACKAGING AND STORAGE
Extemporaneously prepared bougies are
usually wrapped in waxed paper or metal foil.
May be packed in card boxes to keep it upright
and separate. Or plastic jars.
On industrial scale packed in polyvinyl chloride
or polyethylene moulds
Storage:
 stored in a cool and dry place.
Packaging containers
•LABELING:
•Type of bougies/
pessaries should be
mentioned in the
label
•e.g. for urethral
use only.
•Not to be taken
orally.
•Warm it at body
temperature before
administration
Examples of bougies
Alprostadil pellets
Panadol suppositories
Glycerin suppositories B.P
Available brands in Pakistan
POULTICES
DEFINITION
It is a soft, viscous ,pasty
preparation for external use.
OR
It is basically a soft, moist mass
of bread, meal, clay or other
adhesive
substance
usually
heated spread on cloth and
applied to warm, moisten or
stimulate an aching or inflammed
part of body. it is also called as
cataplasm.
BASIC COMPONENTS
Basic components like an herb, an
absorbent an essential oil, clay,
charcoal, vinegar, porridge, fruit or
vegetable, or a piece of meat.
EXCIPIENTS :like hygroscopic agent,
anti inflammatory or bactericidal
agent, flavoring and coloring agent.
PREPARATION
•Charcoal powder may be mixed with sufficient water to
make a paste.
•Place it on a paper towel or cotton muslin cloth, place on
desired site, cover with dressing, and secure in place.
Leave several hours or overnight, and replace as
frequently as needed.
•Clean, sterilized clay may be made into a paste and
applied to the designated area
•Extracts and oils of plants may be mixed with cooked
cereals, flax seed, potatoes, and other bland foods and
applied between cotton muslin dressings as above.
Most poultices may be applied hot and covered with
dressings or towels to retain the heat for as long as
possible. Repeat when cold.
HOW TO USE POULTICES
• For use, a poultice is heated in a dish,
cool by occassional stirring until heat is
tolerable on the back of the hand then
it is spread thickly on a dressing
material and apply as far as patient can
bear to the effective area whish is
covered with the muslin cloth to
facilitate removal after use.
• Poultices must retain heat for a
considerable period of time because
they are intended to supply warmth to
inflammed parts of body.
STORAGE
• Store in a wide mouth,
screw cap jar to prevent
loss of volatile oils and
absorption of moisture
from atmosphere by
hygroscopic agent.
EXAMPLES
• Kaolin poultice BP.
• Boric acid and starch
poultice BP.
BRANDS AVAILABLE IN
PAKISTAN
WHAT ARE PILLS?
“Pills are small, solid, oral dosage forms of a
globular, oval or lenticular shape.”
Originally Pilla, a Latin word meaning a ball.
They were perceived to be relatively;




Easy to make and compact in quantity,
Mask unpleasant tastes and odors,
Stable for long periods
Easy to administer
composition
 Pill mass consists of active ingredient and excipient.
 Excipient is an inert substance, and provide the adhesive
property, to enable a pill mass to be formed.
 A generic pill excipient generally contains glucose,
glycerin, powdered acacia and benzoic acid.
PREPARATION OF PILLS
1. The pill mass
2. The pill pipe
3. Rounding
1. THE PILL MASS
The liquid excipient is added to
medicament and are triturated in mortar
with special pill pestle and kneaded into a
homogenous mass.
PILL COATING
 To improve their appearance
 To protect the mass from contact with atmosphere
 Pills are often coated with chocolate, gelatin, keratin to
mask the unpleasant taste
 Commercially produced pills are coated with sugar
PLASTIC
METAL
GLASS
BLISTERS
PILL DISPENSERS
AVAILABLE BRANDS IN PAKISTAN