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Biology Investigation Project
Presentation
Today’s Topic : Diabetes
What is Diabetes ??
• Diabetes : a condition in which the amount of glucose
(sugar) in the blood is too high
• 2 types of diabetes : Diabetes mellitus & Diabetes insipidus
• Medical name : Diabetes mellitus
• The body cannot use glucose properly and
• The body is neither able to produce nor properly use
insulin also
• Diabetes can be fatal
• There is no cure for diabetes yet
Topic : What is Diabetes ??
• Insulin : The only hormone whose function is to reduce the
blood sugar level in human body (also called “Miracle
medicine of diabetes”)
• Produced by the pancreas, that helps the glucose to enter
the cells where the glucose is used as "fuel" by the body
The main symptoms :
• 1) Increased thirst
• 2) Going to the toilet all the time (especially at night)
• 3) Extreme tiredness
• 4) Weight loss
• 5) Blurred vision, etc.
Topic : What is Diabetes ??
Suspected cause of diabetes :
• 1) Genetics
• 2) Environmental factors ( Obesity and lack of exercise)
Topic : What is Diabetes ??
Statistical Data
• All over the world :
• Approximately 150 million people suffer from diabetes
mellitus nowadays
• This number may be doubled by the year 2025 as it is
predicted by WHO, and most of this increase will be
occurred in developing countries
• In China :
• Less than 5% of the diabetes patients suffer from type I
diabetes
• About 95% of them suffer from type II diabetes
Topic : What is Diabetes ??
In the USA :
• About 17 million adult and children Americans are diabetic
• Close to a third of them may not know they have diabetes
• The reason is diabetes can develop gradually over many
years (often with no symptoms)
Topic : What is Diabetes ??
Types of Diabetes
Two types of Diabetes :
• 1) Type I : The insulin-dependent diabetes
• 2) Type II : The non-insulin-dependent diabetes
Topic : Types of Diabetes
Topic : Types of Diabetes
Normal person :
Normal level of
insulin
production
Type I Diabetes :
Reduced insulin
production
Type II Diabetes :
Increased insulin
production due to
fewer receptor sites
Topic : Types of Diabetes
Type I Diabetes
• Deficiency : Patient’s body stops making insulin or make
only a tiny amount
• Glucose cannot get into the somatic cells of the patient
without insulin
• Overtime, high level of glucose in the blood may hurt your
eyes, kidneys, nerves or even heart
• Most occurrence : Under the age of 30
Topic : Type I Diabetes
Topic : Type I Diabetes
Symptoms of type I diabetes :
• Frequent urination
• Constant hunger
• Constant thirst
• Weight loss
• Weakness
• Fatigue
• Edginess
• Mood changes
• Nausea
• Vomiting
Topic : Type I Diabetes
Cause of type I diabetes :
• Beta cells of the pancreas fail to produce insulin (but it is
still a mystery as to why the beta cells fail to the first place)
• Most people with type I diabetes have high levels of autoantibodies which are antibodies that have “gone bad”
• Auto-antibodies attack your body’s own tissues and may
also attack insulin and the cells produce it
Topic : Type I Diabetes
Type II Diabetes
• Deficiency : Patient’s body produce normal or even more
insulin but the cell’s receptor sites are defective or there
are not enough of them, then the cells do not accept the
insulin (“insulin resistance”)
• Glucose cannot get into the somatic cells of the patient as
the influence of insulin to the cells is not enough
• Patients with type II diabetes might inject insulin but does
not depend on it to live (Not the major treatment)
• Overtime, high level of glucose in the blood may hurt your
eyes, kidneys, nerves or even heart again
• Most occurrence : Over the age of 40
Topic : Type II Diabetes
Symptoms of type II diabetes :
• Frequent urination
• Constant hunger and thirst
• Weight loss
• Dry, itchy skin
• Blurred vision
• Tingling or numb hands
• Weakness
• Fatigue
• Infection of skin, gums, bladder or vagina that keep coming
back or heal slowly
Topic : Type II Diabetes
Cause of type II diabetes :
• Type II diabetes is closely related to the genetic make-up
of one’s family, that it usually runs in families
• Many people with diabetes are overweight
Type II diabetes is common in people who :
• 1) Eat too much fats
• 2) Eat too little carbohydrate & fibre
• 3) Get too little exercise
Topic : Type II Diabetes
Detection of Diabetes
There are many methods, including :
1) Glucose tolerance test
• Performed early in the morning after the patient has not
eaten anything
• First a fasting blood sugar sample is taken
• Then a patient was given 75 grams of glucose to ingest
carry out the half-hour test, one-hour test, two-hour test…..
Topic : Detection of Diabetes
The table showing normal results of the glucose tolerance test
Test
Fasting blood sugar test
half-hour blood sugar test
One-hour blood sugar test
Two-hour blood sugar test
Three-hour blood sugar test
Four-hour blood sugar test
Five-hour blood sugar test
Normal results / mg percent
Below 110
Below 160 – 180
Below 160 – 180
Below 140
Below 110
Below 110
Below 110
Topic : Detection of Diabetes
2) Fasting plasma sugar test
• Can be done at home by patient or by doctor
• The blood of patient will be drawn and tested it by an inhouse glucose analyser if it is done by doctor
• The blood sample will be drawn with a needle stick in the
patient’s finger by the patient himself and then tested it by
a glucose meter
• Positive Result : 200 mg percent or above on 2 separate
occasions of 2-hour glucose tolerance test, this indicates
that the patient is probably suffered from diabetes
Topic : Detection of Diabetes
3) Other methods
Other methods of diagnosing and detecting diabetes
includes :
• 1) Urine sugar test
• 2) After eating (postprandial) blood sugar test
• 3) Random plasma glucose test
• 4) Steriod glucose tolerance test.
Topic : Detection of Diabetes
Management and Control of Diabetes
There are several ways to control and manage the type I
insulin-dependent diabetes as listed below :
• 1) Take insulin such as insulin shots, insulin pump replace
the insulin that do not make in pancreatic cell
• 2) Pursue a positive attitude
• 3) Do regular exercise
• 4) Do blood plasma test
Topic : Management and Control of Diabetes
There are several ways to control and manage the type II
non-insulin-dependent diabetes as listed below :
• 1) Take the HCA (Hypoglycemic Agents)
Principle behind HCA :
• 1) Make the body more receptive to insulin
• 2) Keep the body from converting fats into carbohydrates
• 3) Slow down the formation of cholesterol and triglycerides
Topic : Management and Control of Diabetes
Advantage of regular exercising :
• 1) Benefit to the cardiovascular system
• 2) High blood pressure control
• 3) Glucose control
• 4) Increased muscle strength and flexibility
Topic : Management and Control of Diabetes
Risk factors of Diabetes
There are many risk factors of diabetes, including :
• 1) Age
• 2) Persistent overeating of sugary food
• 3) Obesity
• 4) Low levels of physical activity
Others minor factors including :
• 1) Family history
• 2) Race
Topic : Risk factors of Diabetes
Control of Lifestyle
There are many methods, including :
1) A balanced diet
• It is important to have a balance diet for patients who suffer
from diabetes
• Carbohydrates : 50-60%
• Fats : limited to 30%
• Protein : 10-20%
• Fibre : 25-50%
Topic : Control of Lifestyle
2) Minerals and vitamins
• People who have diabetes would also have a high chance
of death due to heart diseases
• The intake of vitamins C helps to reduce the incidence of
cardiovascular disease
• The intake of vitamins D helps to improve the dry skin
condition
• The intake of calcium helps to regulate the blood pressure
Topic : Control of Lifestyle
Complication of Diabetes
There are many complications of diabetes, including :
• 1) Heart attack
• 2) Blood vessel diseases
• 3) High blood pressure
• 4) Kidney diseases
• 5) Eyes diseases (retinopathy)
• 6) Foot diseases
• 7) Skin diseases
• 8) Dental diseases
Topic : Complication of Diabetes
• 9) In men :
- Impotence (Erectile dysfunction)
• 10) In women :
- Delayed Menarche
- Unpleasant symptoms like depression, headache, etc.
- Confusion with the symptoms of menopause
- Reduced intensity of sexual response
Topic : Complication of Diabetes
Things related to Diabetes
Diabetic patients can keep their blood sugar levels low by
eating foods which have low levels of fats and
carbohydrates, or those with low Glycemic Index.
What is the "Glycemic Index (GI)"?
• It is simply a numerical ranking of foods based on their
immediate effect to raise your blood sugar
• It measures how fast the carbohydrate of a particular food
is converted to glucose and enters the bloodstream
• It is a simple index : A food with a high number enters the
bloodstream faster than one with a lower number
Topic : Things related to Diabetes
• One who sticks to the foods with small GI and one’s blood
sugar level can be lowered
How does a Low Glycemic Diet work?
• All carbohydrates are not the same
• Some "gush" into your blood stream and boost your blood
sugar level, others just "trickle" in slowly keeping it low.
• Choosing the “slower” ones instead of the “faster” ones is
the secret to make the diet work.
• For example : instant mashed potato (GI-86) will raise your
blood sugar more than twice as much as an equal serving
of converted rice (GI-38).
• One sticks to foods with a low GI and you will lower your
average blood sugar level for the day. Also people can lose
weight more easily by doing the same.
Topic : Things related to Diabetes
Topic : Things related to Diabetes
Topic : Things related to Diabetes
Biology Investigation Project
Presentation
~~ The End ~~
Authors : Mandy Chan, Fion Tao and Alan Ng
Today’s Topic : Diabetes