Transcript Applied Hydrogeology

Прикладная
Гидрогеология
Yoram Eckstein, Ph.D.
Fulbright Professor 2013/2014
Tomsk Polytechnic University
Tomsk, Russian Federation
Spring Semester 2014
Useful links
http://www.onlineconversion.com/
http://www.digitaldutch.com/unitconverter/
http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/basics.html
http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/pubs.html
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthgwaquifer.html
http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/techniques.html
http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/CRT/
I. Historical Introduction
When “Applied Hydrogeology”
began?
Neolithic Revolution – first agricultural
revolution, representing a transition from
hunting and gathering nomadic life to an
agriculture existence. It evolved independently
in six separate locations worldwide circa
10,000–7000 years BP. The earliest known
evidence exists in the tropical and subtropical
areas of southwestern/southern Asia,
northern/central Africa and Central America.
A bit of ancient history
Underground
water cistern
in Jerusalem
from
Neolithic
Period
A bit of ancient history
Neolithic tools
A bit of ancient history
A bit of ancient history
A bit of ancient history
Qanats – a 5 000-years old technology
to produce ground-water
A bit of ancient history
Qanats – a 5 000-years old technology
to produce ground-water
A bit of ancient history
A bit of ancient history
A bit of ancient history
A bit of ancient history
A bit of ancient history
A bit of ancient history
A bit of ancient history
A bit of ancient history
Middle Bonze (ca. 1800 years BC) water conduit
under Jerusalem
A bit of ancient history
A bit of ancient history
Speculations and Empiricism
 Anaxagoras (500-428 B.C.) recognized the
importance of rainfall and evaporation as a source of
water for rivers and recharge for underground storage
in “vast caverns.”
 Plato (427-347 B.C.) wrote in Critias about the
rainfall/runoff segment of the hydrological cycle, the
infiltration of surface water and underground storage
segment, and correctly identified the origin of springs
and streams.
A bit of ancient history
Speculations and Empiricism
 Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) recognized cyclic path of
water between land and air, evaporation/condensation
and that part of the rain water runs off with streams and
part percolates into the subsurface to reappear in
springs.
“Salt water when it turns into vapor becomes sweet,
and the vapor does not form salt water when it
evaporates again. This I know by experiment.”
“Mountains and high ground, suspended over the
country like a saturated sponge, make the water
ooze out and trickle together in minute quantities
but in many places. “
The Sixteenth Century:
The Importance of Observation
 Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
He examined the motion of waves and currents, and was
the first to postulate the principle of erosion: "Water
gnaws at mountains and fills valleys. If it could, it would
reduce the earth to a perfect sphere“
"Water is sometimes sharp and sometimes strong,
sometimes acid and sometimes bitter, sometimes sweet
and sometimes thick or thin, sometimes it is seen bringing
hurt or pestilence, sometime health-giving, sometimes
poisonous… is warm and is cold, carries away or sets
down, hollows out or builds up, tears or establishes, fills or
empties, raises itself or burrows down, speeds or is still; is
the cause at times of life or death…”
The Sixteenth Century:
The Importance of Observation
 Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Machine for
raising water
The Sixteenth Century:
The Importance of Observation
 Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Machine
for
excavating
canals
The Sixteenth Century:
The Importance of Observation
 Bernard Palissy (1509-1589) – the theory of
infiltration
“When I had long and closely examined the source of
the springs of natural fountains, and the place whence
they could come, I finally understood that they could
not come from or be produced by anything but rains.”
“Rain water that falls on mountains, lands, and all places
that slope toward rivers or fountains, do not get to them
so very quickly . [so] all springs are fed from the end
of one winter to the next.”
The 17th and 18th Century:
The Importance of Measurement
 Pierre Perault (1608-1680)
Measured the rainfall over the Seine River basin and
concluded that it is seven times larger than the total
discharge of the Seine River.
 Edme Mariotte (1620-1684)
Mariotte refined Perault’s measurements and
concluded that water from rain and snow infiltrates
into porous Earth materials and moves downwards
until it encounters impermeable material, where it
moves laterally.
The 17th and 18th Century:
The Importance of Measurement
 Edmund Hailey (1656-1742)
Studied the process of evaporation and prove that
enough water evaporates from the oceans to account
for the amount of the rainfall over the continents.
 Antonio Valissnieri published in 1715 a book where
he correctly explains the occurrence of artesian water
and the mechanism of its flow. He published in the
same book the first geological cross-sections ever
drawn.
The 17th and 18th Century:
The Importance of Measurement
 Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782)
Published in 1738 a mathematical formula (Bernoulli’s
Law) relating pressure changes to velocity and
elevation changes in a moving fluid.
 La Metherie (1771) investigated the permeability of
different types of rocks and correctly defined the
divergence of precipitation into three parts: (1) run off,
(2) infiltration and (3) evaporation
The 19th Century: Hydrogeology
Emerges as a Distinct Science
 Henri Darcy (1803-1858)
In 1855 and 1856 he conducted
column experiments that established
what has become known as Darcy's
law; initially developed to describe
flow through sands, it has since been
generalized to a variety of situations
and is in widespread use today. The
unit of fluid permeability, darcy, is
named in honor of his work.
The 19th Century: Hydrogeology
Emerges as a Distinct Science
 Arsene Jules Dupuit (1804-1866)
economist – defined cost/benefit analysis
civil engineer - extended Darcy’s work and
developed equations for underground flow toward a well,
for the recharge of aquifers, and for the discharge of
artesian wells.
 Philip Forschheimer (1804-1866)
Philip Forchheimer, an Austrian hydrologist, introduced
the theory of functions of a complex variable to analyze the
flow by gravity of underground water toward wells and
developed equations for determining the critical distance
between a river and a well beyond which water from the
river will not move into the well.
The 19th Century: Hydrogeology
Emerges as a Distinct Science
 In 1870, Adolph Thiem (1836-1908), a German,
modified Dupuit’s formula so that one could calculate
the hydraulic properties of an aquifer by pumping a
well and observing the resulting decline in the water
table in nearby wells.
The 20th Century:
Hydrogeology
Becomes one of
Geological
Sciences
The dawn of the science of
modern hydrogeology
Oscar E. Meinzer (1876-1948) an American scientist
with the US Geol. Survey, published several seminal
documents recognizing that aquifers are functional
components of the hydrologic cycle and that groundwater investigations require special skills of the
geologist, engineer, physicist, chemist, and others.
His publications: The Occurrence of Ground Water
in the United States, With a Discussion of Principles
(1923), and Outline of Ground-Water Hydrology,
With Definitions (1942) are considered to be the
pioneering essays on the science and practice of
modern hydrogeology.
The dawn of the science of
modern hydrogeology
In 1935, C.V. Theis recognized the analogy between
groundwater flow and heat flow.
Why is this important?
 At that time the mathematical characterization of
heat flow was well developed, while the
mathematics of groundwater flow were not
 Understanding the mathematics of heat flow
allowed him to develop analytical equations for
flow to wells; these are widely used in aquifer
pumping test analysis and drawdown predictions
The dawn of the science of
modern hydrogeology
 In 1940, M. King Hubbert developed the theory
that describes flow in large groundwater basins
and identified the difference between regional and
local flow systems.
 Also in 1940, Jacob put forth groundwater flow
theory that incorporates the elastic behavior rocks.
 In early 1960s, J. Tóth took Hubbert’s theoretical
treatment of regional flow systems and
mathematics and used a computer to generate one
of the first computer groundwater models.
The dawn of the science of
modern hydrogeology
 1970’s and 80’s: environmental and contamination
issues became important;
 research on potential use of geothermal energy;
 - 1984: McDonald and Harbaugh publish the first
version of MODFLOW
 - 1990’s: technological advances in personal
computers makes groundwater modeling
widespread and available to everyone
Current issues and contemporary
areas of research
 Groundwater resource studies, especially
concerning water availability determination and
long-term sustainability of groundwater resources
 Flow in fractures and karst conduits, especially
related to flow modeling and contaminant
transport
 Effects of long-term climate change on
groundwater resources
 Fate and transport of ground-water contaminants
The Business of Hydrogeology
 Application of Hydrogeology to Human Concerns
 Research
 Water Supply and Control
 Ground-Water Quality and Contamination
 Business Aspects of Hydrogeology
 Ethical Aspects of Hydrogeology
Sources of Hydrogeological
Information
 http://www.usgs.gov
 http://waterdata.usgs.gov
 http://epa.gov
 http://www.epa.gov/OGWDW
 http://noaa.gov
 http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/ol/climate/climatedata.html
 http://www.ngwa.org
Reading assignment
 http://info.ngwa.org/gwol/pdf/061581202.pdf
 http://www.pbobeck.com/pbobeck.com/Fountains_
files/Darcy%26Dupuit.pdf
 http://info.ngwa.org/gwol/pdf/042979911.pdf