Transcript Slide 1

NEW MEDIA
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BRIEF HISTORY OF INTERNET
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1962: The first thought that computers can be
connected to each other
1965: The first Internet connection. Two
computers (one in MIT and one in UCLA) were
connected to each other by dialing.
1966: The first prototype of Internet
(ARPANET) was born. 4 universities connected
the system. Until 1970 this number increased to
8.
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1972: “@” was born
1975: The first discussion group was born
with the name USENET
The beginning of 1990’s: HTTP, WWW and
URL systems were developed in CERN
Laboratories
1995: ARPANET turned to INTERNET
1998: Microsoft monopoly started with
Windows98
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1998: “Internet Addiction” was firstly
pronounced by a psychologist Kimberly
Young.
Millenium: Wireless connections, GPRS, 3G,
Smart Phones etc.
WORLD INTERNET USAGE AND POPULATION STATISTICS
June 30, 2012
World Regions
Population
( 2012 Est.)
Africa
1,073,380,925
Asia
Europe
Middle East
Internet
Users
Dec. 31,
2000
4,514,400
Internet
Users
Latest Data
167,335,676
3,922,066,987 114,304,000 1,076,681,059
820,918,446 105,096,093
Growth
Users %
2000of Table
2012
3,606.7
%
7.0 %
27.5 % 841.9 %
44.8 %
63.2 % 393.4 %
21.5 %
2,639.9
%
3.7 %
15.6 %
3,284,800
90,000,455
348,280,154 108,096,800
273,785,413
78.6 % 153.3 %
11.4 %
Latin America / Caribbean
593,688,638
18,068,919
254,915,745
42.9 %
1,310.8
%
10.6 %
Oceania / Australia
35,903,569
7,620,480
24,287,919
67.6 % 218.7 %
1.0 %
North America
WORLD TOTAL
223,608,203
518,512,109
Penetration
(%
Population)
7,017,846,922 360,985,492 2,405,518,376
40.2 %
34.3 % 566.4 % 100.0 %
Definujte zápatí - název
prezentace / pracoviště
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Postmodern media tool: beyond of the
classical medium definition
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No boundries
A multifunctional medium:
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Communication
Research
Entertainment
…
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The psychologists are interested in:
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Computer mediated communication
Cyberpsychology: application of psychological
concepts to cyberspace
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Ex: identity development, interpersonal
relationships, bullying,etc.
Internet surveys, experiments
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The positive and negative thoughts (i.e.
opportunities vs risks) about Internet seems
so similar to discussions about radio and TV
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Creating information-rich societies
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Uncontrolled dissemination of misinformation
Ex: Changing profiles to cartoon characters on
Facebook in 2010
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"Change your facebook profile picture to a cartoon
character from your childhood and invite your
friends to do the same. Until Monday, Dec 6th of
2010, there should be no human faces on facebook,
but an invasion of memories! This is for a
campaign against violence on children."
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24th April 2013: Official Twitter Account of
CBS
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Two explosions occurred in the White House,
Obama wounded
Attack of hackers from Syrian Electronic Army
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Uncontrolled dissemination of information
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Ex: 3D Printing
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Opportunities:
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http://www.sciencemag.org/content/340/612
8/48.abstract
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Risks:
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http://defcad.org/
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What is the world talking about?
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http://www.mediabistro.com/events/inside3d
printing/2013/04/
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Liberating or a kind of “Big Brother”???
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Critical point: Self-Disclosure on Social Media
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Extremes (i.e. very high or very low) can be related
with risks
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Opportunities and Risks for Different
Developmental Stages
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Adolescents and Young Adults
Elderlies
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Why adolescents and young adults use
Internet more?
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Uses & Gratification Approach may explain the
“why?” (Sparks, 2001)
1- Companionship via On-line Communication
2- Learning
3- Escape from daily problems
4- Passing time
5- Relaxation
6- Sensation seeking
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On-line Communication (Social Media)
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Different from face-to-face relations
Emoticons [ ; ) ] are not enough
Texts are creating a new language style
But gives certain unique opportunities for
disabled people, immigrants
etc.(communication between people far away)
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Parasocial Relationships (Rubin& McHugh,
1987) on Internet:
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Imaginary relationships with characters in the
media may give the youth the feeling of
companionship.
These kind of imaginary relationships can
frequently be seen on Internet
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Can parasocial relationships replace real
relationships?
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Is on-line communication a chance to
increase self-esteem and a catalizer for
identity development?
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If on-line interactions turn to real face-to-face
ones or if on-line interactions are the continuity
of off-line interactions
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The results show that most online friends
are also offline friends.
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61% of preadolescents and 88% of adolescents
use the Internet to maintain existing offline
friendships (Valkenburg & Peter, 2007).
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Well-Being and Social Self-Esteem
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Social self-esteem is one of the most
contributors of well-being.
It involves peer relations and other interactions.
Individuals with high social self-esteem feel
good about their relationships.
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Instant messaging (IM) and chating with
real life friends increases social self-esteem
and well-being.
On the other hand, IM with strangers is
negatively related with well-being
(Valkenburg & Peter, 2007) because lack of
real-life friends leads to lower levels of
social self-esteem.
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Instant messaging can be beneficial
especially for socially anxious adolescents
and adults.
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Why?
They perceive the Internet Environment less
threatening.
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However, the adolescents and adults who
feel socially alone are more tend to
parasocial relationships.
Shortly, the benefits of online interactions
appear to be limited to communication with
real life friends.
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What about social media (Facebook,
Twitter, MySpace)?
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Adolescents and young adults generally receive
positive feedbacks or comments about their
status. Therefore, this can increase their social
self-esteem.
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The number of facebook friends IS NOT
related with social self-esteem.
So, not quantity but quality matters.
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Internet as an Identity Exploration Lab
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Adolescence as a period of identity crisis or
identity confusion.
During adolescence, identities are explored
through the interactions with others.
MAIN AIM: to find his or her unique and
consistent self-definition (Kroger, 1995)
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Internet gives chance adolescents to try
almost every possible identity (male or
female, rich or poor, young or old etc.)
virtually without any social risks.
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Adolescents can introduce themselves
differently in terms of age, gender, occupation
etc. (Bayraktar & Gun, 2007; Lenhart, Rainie, &
Lewis, 2001)
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Critical Questions:
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Are these virtual identities enhance the real-life
identity development?
Are these experiments part of healthy development?
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Mix results from empirical studies:
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Increased social competence (Huffaker, 2006;
Suler, 2005)
Decreased social competence (Harman, Hansen,
Cochran, & Lindsey, 2005).
Enhanced self-concept unity (Huffaker, 2006;
Huffaker & Calvert, 2005)
Confused self-concept unity (Gergen, 2000;
Reid, 1998).
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The main question: What is the motivation
for identity construction on internet?
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For some who are already social and
popular, co-construction of identity with
increasing the social networks on internet
(Rich-get-Richer Theory, Friendship
Stimulation Hypothesis)
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Internet use enhances current real-life
relationships because it gives opportunity to
people more easily engage in behaviors or
sharing the intimate information.
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For some youth who are socially alone and
anxious, deconstruction and reconstruction
of identity by compensating the weaknesses
(Social Compensation Theory)
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Gender differences in identity experiments
on internet
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Girls stress their physical appearance. On other
hand, boys stress their status and competencies
(Doring,2002)
Girls are trying more identities online
(Valkenburg, Schouten,& Peter, 2005).
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OPPORTUNITIES
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Internet and especially social networking sites
generally offer spaces for adolescents to be
accepted as who they are.
Social media use enables connection to others,
results in positive attention from others,
promotes active self-‐development and free
self- expression, and results in positive
emotions and higher self-esteem (Siivola, &
Hakkarainen, 2013).
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OPPORTUNITIES
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Blogging enhances self expression and identity
construction (e.g. Schmitt, Dyanim & Matthias,
2008;Mazur & Kozarian, 2010)
SNS offer social bonding and bridging especially
for marginalized groups (ex: sexual, ethnical
minorities etc.)
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RISKS
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Overexposure (extreme self-disclosure) may
result in identity theft, sexual solicitation and
cybervictimization
Overuse (SNS dependence/addiction)
Loss of control in experimentation
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When there is a continuation between
offline and online lives, the risks decrease
Internet can be really a medium for healthy
identity development but a source of
delayed adulthood if misused.
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Another general risk of Internet
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If uses and gratifications become habits...
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Pathological use / Addiction / Dependence/
Excessive Use:
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Repetitive, compulsive and uncontrollable use of
Internet
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Some symptoms:
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Using more than intended
Unsuccessful attempts to reduce the use
Hassles in daily activities
Psychological withdrawal symptoms (ex:
irritability, unhappiness)
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An internet user can be considered addicted if he or
she fulfills at least four of six of the following factors
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Salience: If internet use becomes the most important
thing in one’s life
Mood Change: being euphoric while using internet
Tolerance: requiring continually higher amount of
internet use to achieve the original sensations
Withdrawal symptoms: negative feelings when go
offline
Conflict: with significant others
Relapse and reinstatement: the tendency to return to
the damaging activity even after periods of relative
control
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Some predictors of Excessive Internet Use
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Age (adolescents and young adults are more at
risk)
Social loneliness
Psychological difficulties (ie: Depression, social
anxiety, Low self esteem)
Sensation seeking
Dependency to the functions (Game
Dependency, Gambling Dependency etc.)
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Among European Adolescents (age range
11-16):
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Excessive internet use is becoming a very
important health issue:
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In South Korea 10 cardiopulmonary-related
deaths in Internet cafés
13.7% of Chinese adolescent Internet users
meet Internet addiction diagnostic criteria—
about 10 million teenagers.
In Europe, the average rate is 10%
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Internet itself is not responsible for
excessive use but it is mediating problems.
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Other risks
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Cyberbullying-Cybervictimization
Sexting (facing with sexual messages online)
Pornography
Meeting strangers
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An European project which handles both
opportunities and risks on internet
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EU Kids On-line
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http://www2.lse.ac.uk/media@lse/research/EUKid
sOnline/Home.aspx
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Senior’s Internet Use:
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Another digital divide
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If they have chance to learn and use, much more
positive effects on general well-being
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Main aims of use among grey surfers
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Communication
Search for information about health issues
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