GERAKAN LINGKUNGAN: KECERDASAN DAN KEARIFAN LINGKUNGAN

Malang , Mei 2011

GERAKAN LINGKUNGAN The environmental movement, a term that includes the conservation and green politics , is a diverse scientific, social, and political movement for addressing environmental issues .

Environmentalists advocate the sustainable management of resources and stewardship of the environment through changes in public policy and individual behavior. In its recognition of humanity as a participant in (not enemy of) ecosystems, the movement is centered on ecology , health , and human rights .

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GERAKAN LINGKUNGAN

The environmental movement is represented by a range of organizations, from the large to grassroots . Due to its large membership, varying and strong beliefs, and occasionally speculative nature, the environmental movement is not always united in its goals. At its broadest, the movement includes private citizens, professionals, religious devotees, politicians, and extremists.

AKAR MASALAH GERAKAN LINGKUNGAN The roots of the modern environmental movement can be traced to attempts in nineteenth-century Europe and North America to expose the costs of : Environmental negligence, DiseaseS, AIR POLLUTION WATER POLLUTION After the Second World War did a wider awareness begin to emerge.

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SEJARAH GERAKAN LINGKUNGAN In 1954, the 23 man crew of the Japanese fishing vessel

Lucky Dragon 5

was exposed to radioactive fallout from a hydrogen bomb test at Bikini Atoll . The book

Silent Spring

(1962) by Rachel Carson drew attention to the impact of chemicals on the natural environment. In 1967, the oil tanker

Torrey Canyon

went aground off the southwest coast of England, and in 1969 oil spilled from an offshore well in California's Santa Barbara Channel . In 1971, the conclusion of a law suit in Japan drew international attention to the effects of decades of mercury poisoning on the people of Minamata .

SEJARAH GERAKAN LINGKUNGAN In 1972, the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment was held in Stockholm , and for the first time united the representatives of multiple governments in discussion relating to the state of the global environment. This conference led directly to the creation of government environmental agencies and the UN Environment Program (UNEP). The United States also passed new legislation such as the Clean Water Act , the Clean Air Act , the Endangered Species Act , and the National Environmental Policy Act the foundations for current environmental standards.

GERAKAN LINGKUNGAN Since the 1970s, public awareness, environmental sciences, ecology, and technology have advanced to include modern focus points like:

Ozone depletion, Global climate change, Acid rain, Genetically modified organisms (GMOs).

LINGKUP GERAKAN LINGKUNGAN Environmental science is the study of the interactions among the physical, chemical and biological components of the environment.

Ecology is the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of living organisms and how these properties are affected by interactions between the organisms and their environment

FOKUS UTAMA GERLING

The environmental movement is broad in scope and can include any topic related to: Environment, Conservation, Biology, Preservation of landscapes, flora, and fauna, for a variety of purposes and uses. When an act of violence is committed against someone or some institution in the name of environmental defense it is referred to as eco terrorism .

The conservation movement seeks to protect natural areas for sustainable consumption, as well as traditional (hunting, fishing, trapping) and spiritual use. Environmental conservation is the process in which one is involved in conserving the natural aspects of the environment. Whether through reforestation , recycling , or pollution control, environmental conservation sustains the natural quality of life.

KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN Environmental health movement dates at least to Progressive Era , and focuses on urban standards like clean water, efficient sewage handling, and stable population growth. Environmental health could also deal with nutrition , preventive medicine , aging , and other concerns specific to human well-being. Environmental health is also seen as an indicator for the state of the environment , or an early warning system for what may happen to humans

KEADILAN LINGKUNGAN = Environmental justice is a movement that began in the U.S. in the 1980s and seeks an end to environmental racism and prevent low income and minority communities from an unbalanced exposure to highways, garbage dumps, and factories. The Environmental Justice movement seeks to link "social" and "ecological" environmental concerns, while at the same time preventing de facto racism, and classism. This makes it particularly adequate for the construction of labor-environmental alliances.

GERAKAN EKOLOGI Ecology movement could involve the Gaia Theory , as well as Value of Earth and other interactions between humans, science, and responsibility. Deep Ecology is an ideological spinoff of the ecology movement that views

and integrity of the planetary ecosystem the diversity

, in and for itself, as its primary value.

Bright green environmentalism

is a currently popular sub-movement, which emphasizes the idea that :

through technology, good design and more thoughtful use of energy and resources, people can live responsible, sustainable lives while enjoying prosperity.

The anti-nuclear movement opposes the use of various nuclear technologies . The initial anti-nuclear objective was nuclear disarmament and later the focus began to shift to other issues, mainly opposition to the use of nuclear power . There have been many large anti-nuclear demonstrations and protests . Major anti-nuclear groups include Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament , Friends of the Earth , Greenpeace , International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War , and the Nuclear Information and Resource Service .

Environmental law and theory Property rights

Many environmental lawsuits question the legal rights of property owners, and whether the general public has a right to intervene with detrimental practices occurring on someone else's land. Environmental law organizations exist all across the world, such as the Environmental Law and Policy Center in the midwestern United States.

Citizens' rights One of the earliest lawsuits to establish that citizens may sue for environmental and aesthetic harms was Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission, decided in 1965 by the Second Circuit Court of Appeals. The case helped halt the construction of a power plant on Storm King Mountain in New York State. See also United States environmental law and David Sive , an attorney who was involved in the case.

Nature's rights

Christopher D. Stone's 1972 essay, "Should trees have standing?" addressed the question of whether natural objects themselves should have legal rights. In the essay, Stone suggests that his argument is valid because many current rightsholders (women, children) were once seen as objects.

Modern environmentalism Today, the sciences of ecology and environmental science , rather than any aesthetic goals, provide the basis of unity to most serious environmentalists. As more information is gathered in scientific fields, more scientific issues like biodiversity , as opposed to mere aesthetics, are a concern. Conservation biology is a rapidly developing field. Environmentalism now has proponents in business: new ventures such as those to reuse and recycle consumer electronics and other technical equipment are gaining popularity. Computer liquidators are just one example

Modern environmentalism

In recent years, the environmental movement has increasingly focused on global warming as a top issue. As concerns about climate change moved more into the mainstream, from the connections drawn between global warming and Hurricane Katrina to Al Gore 's film An Inconvenient Truth , many environmental groups refocused their efforts. In the United States, 2007 witnessed the largest grassroots environmental demonstration in years, Step It Up 2007 , with rallies in over 1,400 communities and all 50 states for real global warming solutions.

Modern environmentalism

Many religious organizations and individual churches now have programs and activities dedicated to environmental issues.

The religious movement is often supported by interpretation of scriptures.

Most major religious groups are represented including Jewish, Islamic, Anglican, Orthodox, Evangelical, Christian and Catholic.

Radical environmentalism Radical environmentalism presupposes a need to reconsider Western ideas of religion and philosophy (including capitalism , patriarchy and globalization ) sometimes through "resacralising" and reconnecting with nature.

Greenpeace represents an organisation with a radical approach, but has contributed in serious ways towards understanding of critical issues, and has a science-oriented core with radicalism as a means to mediaexposure. Groups like Earth First! take a much more radical posture.

Green politics

Green politics is a political ideology that aims for the creation of an ecologically sustainable society rooted in environmentalism, social liberalism and grassroots democracy.

Developing in the western world in the 1970s, since then Green parties have developed in many countries across the globe, and have achieved some electoral success.

Green politics

Supporters of Green politics, called Greens, share many ideas with the ecology , conservation , environmentalism , feminism , and peace movements . In addition to democracy and ecological issues, green politics is concerned with civil liberties , social justice , nonviolence and tends to support Social progressivism . However, there also exist green movements on the political right in the form of green conservatism and eco-capitalism .

The Green ideology has connections with various other ecocentric political ideologies, including ecosocialism , ecoanarchism , ecofeminism and ecofascism , but to what extent these can be seen as forms of Green politics is a matter of debate.

Green politics

According to Derek Wall , a prominent British Green proponent, there are four pillars that define Green politics: ecology , social justice, grassroots democracy and non-violence.

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In 1984, the Green Committees of Correspondence in the United States expanded the Four Pillars into Ten Key Values which, in addition to the Four Pillars mentioned above, include: Decentralization Community-based economics Post-patriarchal values (later translated to Feminism ) Respect for diversity Global responsibility Future focus

Green politics

In 2001, the Global Greens were organized as an international Green movement. The Global Greens Charter identified six guiding principles: 1. Ecological wisdom 2. Social justice 3. Participatory democracy 4. Nonviolence 5. Sustainability 6. Respect for diversity

Green politics

Green economics focuses on the importance of the health of the biosphere to human well-being. Consequently, most Greens distrust conventional capitalism, as it tends to emphasize economic growth while ignoring ecological health; the "full cost" of economic growth often includes damage to the biosphere, which is unacceptable according to green politics. Green economics considers such growth to be "uneconomic growth" — material increase that nonetheless lowers overall quality of life.

Green ECONOMICS

Greens refer to productivism , consumerism ; and scientism as "grey“; as contrasted with "green", economic views "Grey" implies age, concrete, and lifelessness.

Therefore, adherents to green politics advocate economic policies designed to safeguard the environment. Greens want governments to stop subsidizing companies that waste resources or pollute the natural world, subsidies that Greens refer to as " dirty subsidies ". Some currents of green politics place automobile and agribusiness subsidies in this category, as they may harm human health. On the contrary, Greens look to a green tax shift that will encourage both producers and consumers to make ecologically friendly choices.

Green economics

Since green economics emphasizes biospheric health, an issue outside the traditional left-right spectrum, different currents within green politics incorporate ideas from socialism and capitalism. Greens on the Left are often identified as Eco-socialists , who merge ecology and environmentalism with socialism and Marxism and blame the capitalist system for environmental degradation, social injustice, inequality and conflict. Eco-capitalists , on the other hand, believe that the free market system, with some modification, is capable of addressing ecological problems. This belief is documented in the business experiences of eco-capitalists in the book, The Gort Cloud that describes the gort cloud as the green community that supports eco-friendly businesses.

GREEN POLITICS

Green politics on the whole is opposed to nuclear power and the buildup of persistent organic pollutants, supporting adherence to the precautionary principle, by which technologies are rejected unless they can be proven to not cause significant harm to the health of living things or the biosphere. In Germany and Sweden programs have been initiated to shut down all nuclear plants (known as nuclear power phase-out). But, on 5 February 2009, the Swedish Government announced an agreement allowing for the replacement of existing reactors, effectively ending the phase-out policy.

Environmental tariff An Environmental tariff, also known as a green tariff or eco-tariff, is an import or export tax placed on products being imported from, or also being sent to countries with substandard environmental pollution controls. They can be used as controls on global pollution and can also be considered as corrective measures against "environmental races to the bottom" and "eco-dumping".

International trade vs. environmental degradation There has been debate on the role that increased international trade has played in increasing pollution.

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While some maintain that increases in pollution which result in both local environmental degradation and a global

tragedy of the commons

are intimately linked to increases in international trade, others have argued that as citizens become more affluent they'll also advocate for cleaner environments. According to a World Bank paper: "Since freer trade raises income, it directly contributes to increasing pollution levels via the scale effect. However, it thereby induces the composition (and) technique effects of increased income, both of which tend to reduce pollution levels".

Agitation against use of environmental tariffs Environment tariffs were not implemented in the past, in part, because they were not sanctioned by multilateral trade regimes such as the World Trade Organization and within the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), a fact which generated considerable criticism and calls for reform.

Additionally, many newly industrialized countries and underdeveloped countries saw the attempts to impose pollution controls on them as suspicious...

"...seeing it as a threat to their growth and fearing that developed countries would attempt to export their preferences for pollution control or to place 'environmental' tariffs on imports from countries with

ECOTAX Ecotax (short for Ecological taxation) refers to taxes intended to promote ecologically sustainable activities via economic incentives. Such a policy can complement or avert the need for regulatory (command and control) approaches. Often, an ecotax policy proposal may attempt to maintain overall tax revenue by proportionately reducing other taxes (e.g. taxes on human labor and renewable resources); such proposals are known as a green tax shift towards ecological taxation.

Taxes affected

Examples of taxes which could be lowered or eliminated by a green tax shift are: Payroll , income , and, to a lesser extent, sales taxes . Corporate taxes (taxes on investment and entrepreneurship). Property taxes on buildings and other infrastructure.

Examples of ecotaxes which could be implemented or increased are: 1.

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Carbon taxes on the use of fossil fuels by greenhouse gases produced. Old hydrocarbon taxes don't penalize green house gas (GHG) production. Duties on imported goods containing significant non-ecological energy input (to a level necessary to treat fairly local manufacturers) 3.

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Severance taxes on the extraction of mineral , energy , and forestry products. License fees for camping , hiking, fishing and hunting and associated equipment. 5. Specific taxes on technologies and products which are associated with substantial negative externalities . 6.

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Waste disposal taxes and refundable fees. 7. Taxes on effluents , pollution and other hazardous wastes . Site value taxes on the unimproved value of land.

Environmental economics is a subfield of economics concerned with environmental issues. Quoting from the National Bureau of Economic Research Environmental Economics program: “[...] Environmental Economics [...] undertakes theoretical or empirical studies of the economic effects of national or local environmental policies around the world [...]. Particular issues include the costs and benefits of alternative environmental policies to deal with air pollution, water quality, toxic substances, solid waste, and global warming.

ENVIR. ECON.: Topics and concepts Central to environmental economics is the concept of market failure . Market failure means that markets fail to allocate resources efficiently. As stated by Hanley, Shogren, and White (2007) in their textbook Environmental

Economics

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: "A market failure occurs when the market does not allocate scarce resources to generate the greatest social welfare. A wedge exists between what a private person does given market prices and what society might want him or her to do to protect the environment. Such a wedge implies wastefulness or economic inefficiency; resources can be reallocated to make at least one person better off without making anyone else worse off." Common forms of market failure include externalities, non-excludability and non-rivalry.

ENVIR. ECON. : Topics and concepts Externality : the basic idea is that an externality exists when a person makes a choice that affects other people that are not accounted for in the market price. For instance, a firm emitting pollution will typically not take into account the costs that its pollution imposes on others. As a result, pollution in excess of the 'socially efficient' level may occur. A classic definition : an externality Is “a situation in which the private economy lacks sufficient incentives to create a potential market in some good and the nonexistence of this market results in losses of Pareto efficiency.” In economic terminology, externalities are examples of market failures , in which the unfettered market does not lead to an efficient outcome.

ENVIR. ECON. : Topics and concepts Common property and non-exclusion: When it is too costly to exclude people from access to an environmental resource for which there is rivalry, market allocation is likely to be inefficient. The challenges related with common property and non-exclusion have long been recognized. Hardin's (1968) concept of the tragedy of the commons popularized the challenges involved in non-exclusion and common property. "commons" refers to the environmental asset itself, "common property resource" or "common pool resource" refers to a property right regime that allows for some collective body to devise schemes to exclude others, thereby allowing the capture of future benefit streams; and "open-access" implies no ownership in the sense that property everyone owns nobody owns.

ENVIR. ECON. : Topics and concepts Public goods and non-rivalry: Public goods are another type of market failure, in which the market price does not capture the social benefits of its provision. For example, protection from the risks of climate change is a public good since its provision is both non-rival and non excludable. Non-rival means climate protection provided to one country does not reduce the level of protection to another country; non-excludable means it is too costly to exclude any one from receiving climate protection. A country's incentive to invest in carbon abatement is reduced because it can " free ride " off the efforts of other countries. Over a century ago, Swedish economist Knut Wicksell (1896) first discussed how public goods can be under-provided by the market because people might conceal their preferences for the good, but still enjoy the benefits without paying for them.

ENVIR. ECON. : Topics and concepts Valuation Assessing the economic value of the environment is a major topic within the field. Use and indirect use are tangible benefits accruing from natural resources or ecosystem services (see the nature section of ecological economics). Non-use values include existence, option, and bequest values. For example, some people may value the existence of a diverse set of species, regardless of the effect of the loss of a species on ecosystem services. The existence of these species may have an option value, as there may be possibility of using it for some human purpose (certain plants may be researched for drugs). Individuals may value the ability to leave a pristine environment to their children.

Eco-Money Eco-Money is the name of many Japanese community currencies , used to connect neighbours in obtaining the goods and services they need.

Eco-money may also be used to describe forms of alternative currency and complementary currency that encourage ecological and socially responsible actions in other regions as well.

In spring 1999 Kusatsu in Shiga Prefecture became the first city in Japan to use eco-money, calling it the Ohmi, which is what the prefecture was called in the old days. Several other cities followed suit with currencies of their own, with Matsue , Shimane Prefecture , calling it the dagger (borrowed from the local dialect) and Takaoka in Toyama Prefecture .

Some 30 more communities across Japan are introducing such currencies. Some municipalities plan to use the money to plant trees and reduce garbage.

Eco-Money Network Secretary General stated, "Eco-money is a way of getting neighbors to help each other out and to deepen their ties to the community."

Green trading Green trading encompasses all forms of environmental financial trading , including carbon dioxide , sulfur dioxide ( acid rain ), nitrogen oxide ( ozone ), renewable energy credits , and energy efficiency ( negawatts ). All these emerging and established environmental financial markets have one thing in common, which is making the environment cleaner by either reducing emissions, using clean technology or not using energy through the use of financial markets.

Green Trading is one mechanism to accelerate change to a cleaner environment by using market-based incentives whose application is global.

GERAKAN KONSERVASI The conservation movement, also known as nature conservation, is a political, environmental and a social movement that seeks to protect natural resources including plant and animal species as well as their habitat for the future.

The early conservation movement included fisheries and wildlife management , water, soil conservation and sustainable forestry . The contemporary conservation movement has broadened from the early movement's emphasis on use of sustainable yield of natural resources and preservation of wilderness areas to include preservation of biodiversity . Conservation movement is part of the broader and more far reaching environmental movement , while others argue that they differ both in ideology and practice.

ETIKA KONSERVASI

Conservation is an ethic of resource use, allocation, and protection. Its primary focus is upon maintaining the health of the natural world : its, fisheries , habitats , and biological diversity . Secondary focus is on materials conservation and energy conservation , which are seen as important to protect the natural world. Those who follow the conservation ethic and, especially, those who advocate or work toward conservation goals are termed conservationists .

ETIKA KONSERVASI To conserve habitat in terrestrial ecoregions and stop deforestation is a goal widely shared by many groups with a wide variety of motivations.

To protect sea life from extinction due to overfishing is another commonly stated goal of conservation — ensuring that "some will be available for our children" to continue a way of life.

ETIKA KONSERVASI The consumer conservation ethic is sometimes expressed by the four R's: " Rethink, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle," This social ethic primarily relates to local purchasing , moral purchasing , the sustained , and efficient use of renewable resources , the moderation of destructive use of finite resources, and the prevention of harm to common resources such as air and water quality, the natural functions of a living earth, and cultural values in a built environment .

ETIKA KONSERVASI

The principal value underlying most expressions of the conservation ethic is that the natural world has intrinsic and intangible worth along with utilitarian value — a view carried forward by the scientific conservation movement and some of the older Romantic schools of ecology movement.

ETIKA KONSERVASI More Utilitarian schools of conservation seek a proper valuation of local and global impacts of human activity upon nature in their effect upon human well being , now and to our posterity. How such values are assessed and exchanged among people determines the social, political, and personal restraints and imperatives by which conservation is practiced. This is a view common in the modern environmental movement .

PERTANIAN BERKELANJUTAN Sustainable agriculture is the practice of farming using principles of ecology , the study of relationships between organisms and their environment. It has been defined as "an integrated system of plant and animal production practices having a site-specific application that will last over the long term: 1. Satisfy human food and fiber needs 2. Make the most efficient use of non-renewable resources and on farm resources and integrate, where appropriate, natural biological cycles and controls 3. Sustain the economic viability of farm operations 4. Enhance the quality of life for farmers and society as a whole.”

Some Sustainable Soil Management techniques

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No-till farming

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Keyline design

3. Growing wind breaks to hold the soil 4. Incorporating organic matter back into fields 5. Stop using chemical fertilizers (which contain salt) 6. Protecting soil from water runoff

Green payments

In agricultural and environmental policy, green payments refers to payments made to producers as compensation for environmental benefits that accrue as a result of or in conjunction with their farming activities.

Green Revolution Increased use of various technologies such as pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers as well as new breeds of high yield crops were employed in the decades after the Second World War to greatly increase global food production.

Green Revolution refers to a series of research, development, and technology transfer initiatives, occurring between the 1940s and the late 1970s, that increased agriculture production around the world, beginning most markedly in the late 1960s.

The initiatives involved the development of high-yielding varieties of cereal grains, expansion of irrigation infrastructure, modernization of management techniques, distribution of hybridized seeds, synthetic fertilizers , and pesticides to farmers.

Environmental impact of agriculture

Climate change and agriculture

Genetic engineering Intensive farming Environmental impact of irrigation Environmental impact of pesticides Soil degradation Plasticulture, the use of plastic materials in agriculture

Eco-terrorism Eco-terrorism is defined by the Federal Bureau of Investigation as "the use or threatened use of violence of a criminal nature against people or property by an environmentally oriented, subnational group for environmental-political reasons, or aimed at an audience beyond the target, often of a symbolic nature." Eco-terrorism is a form of radical environmentalism that arose out of the same school of thought that brought about deep ecology, ecofeminism, social ecology, and bioregionalism.

Eco-terrorism is a controversial term.

Eco-terrorism is closely related to civil disobedience and sabotage in the name of the environment , and there is a debate on where to draw the lines between them.

Some of those who are labeled as eco-terrorists do not perpetrate violence against humans, but only against property. This has led to a debate that touches on whether or not to classify these actions as "terrorist". In the United States, the FBI’s definition includes acts of violence against property, which makes most acts of sabotage fall in the realm of domestic terrorism, even if they are not designed to induce terror, which is the dictionary definition of terrorism.

Philosophy of eco-terrorism

The thought behind eco-terrorism rises from the radical environmentalism movement, which gained popularity during the 1960s.

Ideas that arose from radical environmentalism are “based on the belief that capitalism, patriarchal society, and the Judeo-Christian tradition were responsible for the despoliation of nature”.

Radical environmentalism is also characterized by the belief that human society is responsible for the depletion of the environment and, if current society is let unchecked, will lead to the ultimate complete degradation of the environment.

Tactic in eco-terrorism

Tree spiking is a common tactic that was first used by members of Earth First! in 1984. Tree spiking involves hammering a small spike into the trunk of a tree that may be logged with the intention of damaging the chainsaw or mill blades, and may seriously injure the logger

Tree spiking

Tree spiking is a form of ecodefense, (sometimes called sabotage, if done illegally) which involves hammering a metal rod or other material (commonly ceramic) into a tree trunk in order to discourage logging. Activists do this in order to devalue the commercial use of the wood, turning the logger activity economically inviable in the long run, while not threatening the life of the tree. The presence of the spike creates a mantrap which may injure lumberjacks who attempt to cut down the tree or mill workers processing the tree.

GREEN TECHNOLOGY

Green technology (abbreviated as greentech) or clean technology (abbreviated as cleantech) is the application of the environmental science and green chemistry to conserve the natural environment and resources, and to curb the negative impacts of human involvement. Sustainable development is the core of green technologies.

GREEN TECHNOLOGY Biofiltration Bioremediation Composting toilet Desalination Energy Conservation Energy Saving Modules Hydroelectricity Hydrogen fuel cell Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Solar power Thermal depolymerization Wind power Battery powered cars

Sustainable energy

Sustainable energy is the provision of energy that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Sustainable energy sources are most often regarded as including all renewable energy sources, such as hydroelectricity, solar energy, wind energy, wave power, geothermal energy, bioenergy, and tidal power. It usually also includes technologies that improve energy efficiency.

Green Energy

is energy that can be extracted, generated, and/or consumed without any significant negative impact to the environment. The planet has a natural capability to recover which means pollution that does not go beyond that capability can still be termed green.

GREEN ENERGY Green energy includes natural energetic processes that can be harnessed with little pollution. Anaerobic digestion, geothermal power, wind power, small-scale hydropower, solar energy, biomass power, tidal power, and wave power fall under such a category. Some definitions may also include power derived from the incineration of waste.

Renewable energy technologies THE three generations of renewables technologies: 1. First-generation technologies include hydropower, biomass combustion, and geothermal power and heat. 2. Second-generation technologies include solar heating and cooling, wind power, modern forms of bioenergy, and solar photovoltaics. 3. Third-generation technologies are still under development and include advanced biomass gasification, biorefinery technologies, concentrating solar thermal power, hot dry rock geothermal energy, and ocean energy. Advances in nanotechnology may also play a major role.

Hydrogen economy The hydrogen economy is a proposed system of delivering energy using hydrogen. The term hydrogen economy was coined by John Bockris during a talk he gave in 1970 at General Motors (GM) Technical Center.

Hydrogen advocates promote hydrogen as potential fuel for motive power (including cars and boats), the energy needs of buildings and portable electronics. Free hydrogen does not occur naturally in quantity, and thus it must be generated from some other energy source by steam reformation of natural gas or another method. Hydrogen is therefore an energy carrier (like electricity), not a primary energy source (like coal). The utility of a hydrogen economy depends on issues of energy sourcing, including fossil fuel use, climate change, and sustainable energy generation.

EKONOMI HIDROGEN A hydrogen economy is proposed to solve some of the negative effects of using hydrocarbon fuels where the carbon is released to the atmosphere. Proponents of a world-scale hydrogen economy argue that hydrogen can be an environmentally cleaner source of energy to end-users, particularly in transportation applications, without release of pollutants (such as particulate matter) or carbon dioxide at the point of end use. Most of the hydrogen supply chain pathways would release significantly less carbon dioxide into the atmosphere than would gasoline used in hybrid electric vehicles " and that significant reductions in carbon dioxide

GREEN DESIGN = Sustainable design Sustainable design (also called environmental design, environmentally sustainable design, environmentally conscious design, etc.) is the philosophy of designing physical objects, the built environment, and services to comply with the principles of economic, social, and ecological sustainability.

The intention of sustainable design is to "eliminate negative environmental impact completely through skillful, sensitive design".

Manifestations of sustainable design require no non renewable resources, impact the environment minimally, and relate people with the natural environment.

GREEN Design Principles Some common principles are : 1. Low-impact materials: choose non-toxic, sustainably produced or recycled materials which require little energy to process 2. Energy efficiency: use manufacturing processes and produce products which require less energy 3. Quality and durability: longer-lasting and better-functioning products will have to be replaced less frequently, reducing the impacts of producing replacements 4. Design for reuse and recycling: "Products, processes, and systems should be designed for performance in a commercial 'afterlife'." 5. Design Impact Measures for total carbon footprint and life-cycle assessment for any resource used are increasingly required and available.

GREEN Design Principles Some common principles are : 6. Sustainable Design Standards and project design guides are also increasingly available and are vigorously being developed by a wide array of private organizations and individuals. 7. Biomimicry: "redesigning industrial systems on biological lines ... enabling the constant reuse of materials in continuous closed cycles..." 8. Service substitution: shifting the mode of consumption from personal ownership of products to provision of services which provide similar functions, e.g., from a private automobile to a carsharing service. 9. Renewability : materials should come from nearby (local or bioregional ), sustainably managed renewable sources that can be composted when their usefulness has been exhausted. 10. Robust eco-design: robust design principles are applied to the design of a pollution sources.

KIMIA HIJAU = GREEN CHEMISTRY Green chemistry, also called sustainable chemistry, is a philosophy of chemical research and engineering that encourages the design of products and processes that minimize the use and generation of hazardous substances.

Whereas environmental chemistry is the chemistry of the natural environment, and of pollutant chemicals in nature, green chemistry seeks to reduce and prevent pollution at its source. In 1990 the Pollution Prevention Act was passed in the United States. This act helped create a modus operandi for dealing with pollution in an original and innovative way. It aims to avoid problems before they happen.

12 principles of green chemistry 1. It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it is formed. 2. Synthetic methods should be designed to maximize the incorporation of all materials used in the process into the final product. 3. Wherever practicable, synthetic methodologies should be designed to use and generate substances that possess little or no toxicity to human health and the environment. 4. Chemical products should be designed to preserve efficacy of function while reducing toxicity. 5. The use of auxiliary substances (e.g. solvents, separation agents, etc.) should be made unnecessary wherever possible and innocuous when used. 6. Energy requirements should be recognized for their environmental and economic impacts and should be minimized. Synthetic methods should be conducted at ambient temperature and pressure.

12 principles of green chemistry 7. A raw material or feedstock should be renewable rather than depleting wherever technically and economically practicable. 8. Reduce derivatives - Unnecessary derivatization (blocking group, protection/ deprotection, temporary modification) should be avoided whenever possible. 9. Catalytic reagents (as selective as possible) are superior to stoichiometric reagents. 10. Chemical products should be designed so that at the end of their function they do not persist in the environment and break down into innocuous degradation products. 11. Analytical methodologies need to be further developed to allow for real-time, in-process monitoring and control prior to the formation of hazardous substances. 12. Substances and the form of a substance used in a chemical process should be chosen to minimize potential for chemical accidents, including releases, explosions, and fires.

GREEN GROWTH The Seoul Initiative on Environmentally Sustainable Economic Growth (Green Growth) 2005.

Target 1: is improving environmental sustainability. This target area focuses on the efficient use of environmental resources and on improving the ecological efficiency of economic growth of the region, thus ensuring environmental sustainability. Policy areas include, in particular: incorporating ecological efficiency and environmental sustainability into economic and social development planning; assessing environmental pressure; promotion of sustainable production and consumption; and internalizing environmental costs into the price structure.

GREEN GROWTH The Seoul Initiative on Environmentally Sustainable Economic Growth (Green Growth) 2005.

Target 2: is enhancing environmental performance. This target area focuses on improving the methods for managing environmental resources and controlling pollution. Policy areas include, in particular, promoting: the polluter pays principle; environmentally-friendly production processes; the effectiveness of environmental governance; and best practices.

GREEN GROWTH The Seoul Initiative on Environmentally Sustainable Economic Growth (Green Growth) 2005.

Target 3: is promoting the environment as a driver and opportunity for economic growth and development. This target area aims to create a win-win synergy between the environment and economy and to present the environment as an opportunity for economic growth and private sector business. Policy areas include, in particular: promoting environment-related investment and environmental technology research; promoting and creating a positive synergy between the environment and economy; promoting the role of the private sector; and presenting environmental regulations and demands as an opportunity to promote the environmental industry and the market for environmental goods and services.

GREEN INDUSTRY

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GREEN INDUSTRY IN ASIA: Manila from 25-26 November 2008 "Green industry" is a term that can be used for industrial businesses that use environmentally-friendly practices, or those that produce eco-conscious products.

In the 21st century, increased awareness and education about global warming, climate change, and the impending exhaustion of natural resources has created a significant level of demand for green industry. Governments interested in improving environmental practices may sometimes choose to offer incentives, such as tax breaks, to green industry in order to foster the development of this type of business.

GREEN INDUSTRY Green industry is deeply enmeshed in the production and development of alternative energy. Solar, wind, hydrothermal, and even nuclear power plants are often considered to be environmentally-friendly forms of energy production as they are either renewable or sustainable and provide little to no pollution or greenhouse gas emissions . Industrial pursuits in this area include the research and development of new alternative energy technologies, the implementation of alternative energy systems, and the same maintenance and work that goes on in traditional power plants.

GREEN PRODUCT Green products, often popularized by celebrities and notable figures, have created a thriving system of green industry. Recycling, organic and sustainable growing practices, and even eco-conscious packaging are all major elements in the green product industry. Toilet paper made from recycled notebooks, organic cotton t-shirts and shopping bags, appliances built to save energy , and even houses built from low-emission materials all contribute to this segment of green industry.

GREEN WEDDING Planning a green wedding involves choosing eco conscious vendors and products as well as minimizing waste. A green wedding may be held in a variety of locations, though consideration for the natural surroundings would also be a priority. Finding ways to reduce the consumption of resources for both the wedding party and immediate family as well as out-of-town guests contributes to the ecological theme and demonstrates the bridal couple's commitment to the environmental cause.

GREEN MONEY Green money is money used in association with ecological activities. Ecocurrency, as it is also known, is spent in endeavors with an environmentally friendly component, and can include government funds, private investments, and spending by companies interested in environmental issues. Environmentalists, as well as economists, have recognized the important role spending and economic decisions can play in conserving the environment and addressing environmental problems .

GREEN MONEY

One example of green money is funds dedicated to development projects intended to address environmental problems. This can include things like building power plants designed to harness alternative energy like wind and solar, as well as funding green job initiatives — providing money to pay for people working in the environmental sector. Green money can also be used to finance activities like redesigning equipment to reduce pollution or developing energy efficient homes and cars.

GREEN INVESTMENT Green investments are financial ventures that investors make in environmentally responsible companies. Most green investments seek to promote a green economy while maximizing financial returns for investors. A green investment may also be referred to as a sustainable investment and is a type of socially responsible investment.

GREEN INVESTMENT Green investing is usually accomplished by putting money into common investment tools, like the stock market or an investment fund, that target environmentally conscious businesses. For example, green investments may include purchasing stock in a company that promotes sustainability practices or in a business that is committed to developing alternative energy sources. Many green investment strategies focus on the renewable energy sector, a host of other green investments exist. Companies that promote energy efficiency, recycling, or water pollution and waste control can all offer opportunities for green investments.

GREEN HOME A Green home is a type of house that is designed to be environmentally friendly and sustainable, focusing on the efficient use of energy, water, and building materials.

In general, a green home is a type of chouse that is built or remodeled in order to conserve "energy or water; improve indoor air quality; use sustainable, recycled or used materials; and produce less waste in the process." This may include buying more energy-efficient appliances or utilizing specific building materials that are more efficient in keeping both cool and heated air inside the structure.

GREEN BUILDING Green building (also known as green construction or sustainable building) refers to a structure and using process that is environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle: from siting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition. This practice expands and complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort.

GREEN BUILDING Although new technologies are constantly being developed to complement current practices in creating greener structures, the common objective is that green buildings are designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment by: 1. Efficiently using energy, water, and other resources 2. Protecting occupant health and improving employee productivity 3. Reducing waste, pollution and environmental degradation

GREEN TRANSPORT Green transport refers to any means of transport with low impact on the environment, and includes walking and cycling , transit oriented development , green vehicles , CarSharing , and building or protecting urban transport systems that are fuel efficient , space-saving and promote healthy lifestyles.

GREEN transport systems make a positive contribution to the environmental, social and economic sustainability of the communities they serve. Transport systems exist to provide social and economic connections, and people quickly take up the opportunities offered by increased mobility.

The advantages of increased mobility need to be weighed against the environmental, social and economic costs that transport systems pose.

GREEN TRANSPORT The European Union Council of Ministers of Transport, defines a GREEN transportation system as one that: 1. Allows the basic access and development needs of individuals, companies and society to be met safely and in a manner consistent with human and ecosystem health, and promotes equity within and between successive generations. 2. Is Affordable, operates fairly and efficiently, offers a choice of transport mode, and supports a competitive economy, as well as balanced regional development. 3. Limits emissions and waste within the planet’s ability to absorb them, uses renewable resources at or below their rates of generation, and uses non-renewable resources at or below the rates of development of renewable substitutes, while minimizing the impact on the use of land and the generation of noise.

GREEN VEHICLE A green vehicle or environmentally friendly vehicle is a road motor vehicle that produces less harmful impacts to the environment than comparable conventional internal combustion engine vehicles running on gasoline or diesel , or one that uses alternative fuels .

Z ero emissions vehicles and L ow-carbon emission vehicles.

GREEN VEHICLE Green vehicles are powered by alternative fuels and advanced vehicle technologies and include : Hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, battery electric vehicles, compressed-air vehicles, hydrogen and fuel-cell vehicles, neat ethanol vehicles, flexible-fuel vehicles, natural gas vehicles, clean diesel vehicles, Vehicles using blends of biodiesel and ethanol fuel or

GREENWAY A greenway is a long, narrow piece of land, often used for recreation and pedestrian and bicycle traffic and sometimes including multiple transportation ( streetcar , light rail ) or retail uses.

The term Greenway comes from the "green" in green belt and the "way" in parkway , implying a recreational or pedestrian use rather than a typical street corridor, as well as an emphasis on introducing or maintaining vegetation, in a location where such vegetation is otherwise lacking. Some greenways include community gardens as well as typical park-style landscaping of trees and shrubs. They also tend to have a mostly contiguous pathway, allowing urban commuting via bicycle or foot.

GREENWAY Characteristics The land may be newly developed, but usually it is redeveloped, having been formerly occupied by a railroad , highway, or other transportation route. Many greenways in urban centers or developed areas are linear parks . Greenways often are defined by municipal governments as having the following characteristics: vegetated, linear, and multi-purpose.

GREENBELT A green belt or greenbelt is a policy and land use designation used in land use planning to retain areas of largely undeveloped, wild, or agricultural land surrounding or neighbouring urban areas. Similar concepts are greenways or green wedges which have a linear character and may run through an urban area instead of around it. In essence, a green belt is an invisible line encircling a certain area, preventing development of the area allowing wildlife to return and be established.

GREENBELT In those countries which have them, the stated objectives of green belt policy are to: 1. Protect natural or semi natural environments ; 2. Improve air quality within urban areas; 3. Ensure that urban dwellers have access to countryside, with consequent educational and recreational opportunities; and 4. Protect the unique character of rural communities that might otherwise be absorbed by expanding suburbs .

The green belt has many benefits for people: 1. Walking, camping, and biking areas close to the cities and towns. 2. Contiguous habitat network for wild plants , animals and wildlife . 3. Cleaner air and water 4. Better land use of areas within the bordering cities.

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