Chapter 3: The Growth of a Young Nation Section 1: The Jeffersonian Era

Jefferson’s Presidency

• • • • Jefferson was a Democratic Republican (Republican) – Republicans accused Adams of being a tool for the rich who wanted a monarchy John Adams was a federalist – Federalists accused Jefferson of being a dangerous supporter of the revolutionary French and an atheist Thomas Jefferson became president and Aaron Burr was vice president 12 th amendment was passed: electors to cast separate ballots for president and vice president.

Jefferson’s Presidency

– Simplifying the Government • Jeffersonian republicanism: – – – Jefferson’s theory of government People should control the government Simple government-tried to shrink the government and cut costs » Reduced the size of the army, halted expanding the navy, lowered expenses for government social functions » Eliminated all internal taxes and reduced influence of the Bank of the United States • • First president in Washington, D.C. capital Jefferson and next 2 presidents (Madison and Monroe) all were from Virginia-Shows pattern of dominance of the South

Jefferson’s Presidency

– – John Marshall and the Supreme Court • Marbury v. Madison (1803) – Chief justice, John Marshall, declared that part of Congress’s Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional.

– Strengthened Supreme Court » Judicial Review: ability of the supreme court to declare law unconstitutional The Louisiana Purchase • 1800 Spain sold the territory from the Mississippi River west to the Rocky Mountains to France (Napoleon Bonaparte) • 1803 Bonaparte lost interest in the territory and offered to sell it to the United States • Jefferson purchased the Louisiana territory (Louisiana Purchase) for $15 million. • Lewis and Clark, explorers, led a group across the new territory and returned with valuable information about the West and showed that transcontinental travel was possible. – Transcontinental: on the farther side of a continent

Madison and the War of 1812

– – Madison becomes president in 1808 The Causes of the War • France and Britain threatened US ships between 1805 and 1814 • Impressment: – Britain’s policy that allowed them to seize Americans at see and “impressing”, or drafting, them into the British Navy.

• Britain was supplying Native Americans with weapons to support them in their ongoing battle against American settlers • War hawks: – Group of young congressmen from the South and West that demanded war

Madison and the War of 1812

– – The Course of the War • June 1812 Madison and Congress declare war on Britain • 1814 Britain sacks the capitol and burns down the presidential mansion • 1815 General Andrew Jackson of America wins Battle of New Orleans – Takes place after armistice, end of the war, however Jackson had not yet received word The Consequences of the War • Ended Federalist party, who generally opposed the war • Encouraged the growth of American industries to manufacture products no longer available from Britain • Confirmed US status as a free and independent nation

Nationalism Shapes Foreign Policy

– President James Monroe (1816) • Secretary of state: John Quincy, established foreign policy based on nationalism-a belief that national interests should be placed ahead of regional concerns – Slavery in the South – Tariffs in the Northeast » Tariffs: taxes on imported or exported good

Nationalism Shapes Foreign Policy

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Territory and Boundaries

• While president Adams focused on expansion.

– – – – Took Michigan to Rocky Mountains Shared Oregon territory with Britain Convinced Spain to give Florida to America Onis Treaty: established western boundary for US

Nationalism Shapes Foreign Policy

– The Monroe Doctrine • Spain and Portugal wanted their land back and Russia was pushing in from the Northwest • Monroe Doctrine: – Monroe warns European powers not to interfere with affairs in the Western Hemisphere.

– Foundation for future American policy and represented important step onto world stage.

Chapter 3: The Growth of a Young Nation

Section 2: The Age of Jackson

Regional Economies Create Differences - Early Industry in the United States

• Industrial Revolution: large-scale production resulting in massive change in social and economic organization, began in Great Britain in the 18 th century and gradually reached the US • Product: textile, or fabric, mills • North began specializing in one crop or livestock (i.e., corn and cattle), sell what they produced to urban markets, and purchase with cash whatever they needed from stores • Market economy began to grow

Regional Economies Create Differences

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The South Remain Agricultural

• • South was an agricultural power Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin: – 1793: cotton engine made it possible for Southern farmers to produce cotton more profitably – Increased slavery from 700,000 to 1.5 million • In the North states had either abolished slavery or enacted gradual emancipation.

Balancing Nationalism and Sectionalism

– Clay’s American System • Henry Clay (House Speaker) promoted the American System created by President Madison: – Establish protective Tariff » Keep American goods competitive with British goods – Recharter the national bank » Create unified currency – Sponsoring the development of transportation systems and other internal improvements to make travel easier • Tariff of 1816 approved

Balancing Nationalism and Sectionalism

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The Missouri Compromise

• • Still sectional conflicts Missouri wanted to be part of the union but the North and South argued whether it should be entered as a free state or a slave state.

• Clay helps organize Missouri Compromise: – – Maine admitted as free and Missouri as slave state Rest of Louisiana Territory divided in 2: » At 36 degrees 30’ north. South of line slavery was legal. North of line, except Missouri, slavery was illegal.

The Election of Andrew Jackson

– – The Election of 1824 • John Quincy Adams becomes president and appoints Henry Clay as secretary of state • Jacksonians, followers of Jackson, accused Adams and Clay of stealing the presidency.

• Split the Democratic-Republican party: – Clay and his faction became the National Republican Party – Jacksonians became the Democratic Party Expanding Democracy Changes Politics • 1824 350,000 white males voted • 1828 over 3 times that number voted and it was opened to more common people • Jackson won

Jacksonian Democracy

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The Spoils System

• Jacksonian Democracy: ideal of political power for all classes • Jackson wanted to give common people a chance to participate in government – Spoils System: New administrations hire their own supporters to replace supporters of the previous administration. » Gave large number of jobs to his friends and political allies

Jacksonian Democracy

– – The Indian Removal Act • Federal government provided funds to negotiate treaties that would force the Native Americans to move west • Cherokee Nation refused and fought the government in courts – 1832, Supreme Court ruled in Worcester v. Georgia that the state could not regulate the Cherokee Nation by law or invade Cherokee lands – Jackson ignored this decision and forced Cherokee’s out.

The Trail of Tears • US troops rounded up Cherokees and drove them into camps to await the journey west.

• Fall 1838 Cherokees were sent off in groups of 1,000 on the 800 mile journey, mostly on foot • With winter many Cherokees died-more than ¼ of them died on the Trail of Tears

Nullification and Bank War

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The Nullification Crisis

• VP Calhoun declared if a state finds the act of the federal government to be unconstitutional they have the right to nullify the law within its borders • States did not want to pay raised tariffs and declared the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null. President Jackson was angry and wanted to force them to pay. Clayton came up with a compromise in 1833: – – Taxes would lower in a 10 year period Force Bill was passed: allows federal government to use military force if state authorities resisted paying proper duties.

Nullification and Bank War

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Jackson’s Bank War

• Jackson thought national bank was an agent of the wealthy and it did not care for the common people • Jackson re-elected in 1832-Bank of US became just another bank • Jackson’s tactics and policies angered many people – Opponents formed the Whig Party

Successors Deal with Jackson’s Legacy

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Van Buren next president

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The Panic of 1837

• Wildcat banks: banks that printed blank notes wildly in excess of the gold and silver deposited • In May 1837 many banks stopped accepting paper currency. Bank closings and the collapse of the credit system cost many people their savings, bankrupted hundreds of businesses, and put more than 1/3 of the population out of work.

Successors Deal with Jackson’s Legacy

Harrison Taylor

Successors Deal with Jackson’s Legacy

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Harrison and Tyler

• William Henry Harrison won presidency in 1840 but died 1 month after his inauguration • John Tyler, Harrison’s VP, became president • • Appealed more to passion than to reason Style of politics changed – – Political speeches became a form of mass entertainment West playing increased role in national politics

Ch. 3 Growth of a Young Nation Section 3: Manifest Destiny

Settling the Frontier

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Americans Pursue Manifest Destiny

• Manifest Destiny: Americans believed that their movement westward was predestined by God. Thought they were ordained to move to the Pacific Ocean and into Mexican and Native American territory – Manifest: obvious or inevitable • Moved west: – – For abundance of land For a fresh start

Settling the Frontier

– Trails West • Santa Fe Trail: 780 miles from Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe in Mexican territory of New Mexico.

– Traveled in groups of 100 wagons.

– – Once in Santa Fe quickly raced to land.

Traded for a few days then restocked their wagons and went back to Missouri • Oregon Trail: Independence, Missouri to Oregon City, Oregon.

– Missionaries showed wagons can travel on Oregon Trail – Traveled on “prairie schooners” (wooden-wheeled wagons covered with sailcloth and pulled by oxen) or by foot (majority) while pushing handcarts loaded with precious possessions, food, and other supplies – Trip took months

Santa Fe Trail

Settling the Frontier

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The Mormon Migration

• Mormons traveled west to avoid persecution • Founded by Joseph Smith in Upstate New York in 1827 • Anti-mormon mob murdered Smith – Leader Brigham Young urged Mormons to move farther West. – 1847 stopped in Great Salt Lake, now Utah –

Settling Boundaries

• In 1840’s America set boundaries with Britain and the land to the Northwest and Midwest • Unable to easily set borders with Mexico in the Southwest

Texan Independence

– Mexican Independence and Texan Land Grants • • Mexico won independence from Spain in 1821 Mexicans received surrounding lands – Mexican government wanted Americans to settle in Texas to secure and stabilize the land • Soon American population surpassed the Tejanos, or Mexican settlers, who live in Texas • Stephen F. Austin one prominent leader of American settlers in Texas – 1821 established a colony where “no drunkard, no gambler, no profane swearer, and no idler” would be allowed.

– Main settlement: San Felipe de Austin – 1830 there were more than 20,000 Americans in Texas

Texan Independence

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The Texas Revolution

• Cultural issues intensified between Anglos and Mexican government – – American settlers spoke English rather than Spanish Southerners brought slaves despite Mexico abolishing slavery in 1829 and refused to free their slaves.

• Texas Revolution: – Rebellions that broke out between Mexico and American settlers – Santa Anna, Mexican president marched to San Antonio to force Texans to obey Mexican laws

Alamo

Texan Independence

– – “Remember the Alamo!” • Anglo troops moved into the Alamo, a mission and fort in the center of San Antonio.

• Santa Anna’s troops defeated Texans at the Alamo • Santa Anna executed 300 rebels at Goliad, which infuriated the Texans.

• Surprised Santa Anna new San Jacinto River and killed 630 Mexican soldiers in 18 minutes and captured Santa Anna • Santa Anna was released when he signed Treaty of Velasco which gave independence to Texas • Sam Houston became president of new Republic of Texas.

Texas Moves Toward the Union • 1844 US President James K. Polk, a slaveholder, favored annexation of Texas

The War with Mexico

– Polk Urges War • Polk thought war with Mexico would give US Texas, New Mexico, and California • • US sent diplomat but Mexico refused to receive him Polk sent US military to territory and claimed it as US territory – The War Begins • 1845 American military explores CA, violating Mexico’s territorial rights • Mexico crosses Rio Grande and kills 11 US Soldiers • War is declared • 1846 US gained New Mexico

The War with Mexico

– – The Republic of California • June 1846 American settlers seized the town Sonoma and hoisted flag with Grizzly Bear • Declared it Republic of California • Mexican troops gave way America Wins the War • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – Mexico agreed to the Rio Grande as the border between Texas and Mexico and gave New Mexico and California territories to the US. – US agreed to pay $15 million for the Mexican cession – Gadsden Purchase: 5 years later paid Mexico $10 million for another piece of territory south of the Gila River. Finalized 48 states.

The California Gold Rush

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The Forty-Niners

• January 1848 James Marhsall found gold near John Sutter’s sawmill • Gold fever caused migration to CA • Population exceeded 100,000 including Mexicans, free African American miners, and slaves • 49ers: prospectors who flocked to CA in 1849 in the CA gold rush • Also had people from Asia, South America, and Europe came looking for gold

The California Gold Rush

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The Golden Economy

• Gold Rush revolutionized CA’s economy • Gold financed farming, manufacturing, shipping, and banking • More newspapers published in San Francisco than London, more books published than in rest of US west of Mississippi • Peak of gold rush over by 1853 –

“Go West, Young Man!”

• Horace Greeley, editor of New York Tribune, urged people to go west after his own journey