Transcript presentation2 - The Restoration Movement

THE SCOTTISH INFLUENCE ON
THE AMERICAN RESTORATION
MOVMENT.
The Seed of the Restoration
Movement Were First Planted in
Scotland in the 18th Century.
DUNDEE
Why Scotland?
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A History of Religious Turmoil
Joined England in rejecting Catholic
church.
John Knox introduced Calvinism
Founding of Church of Scotland,
Presbyterian in government.
Division in church.
 Work
of “lay preachers”
 Powerful leaders
 Common Sense School of
Philosophy and John Locke.
 Dissatisfaction with relationship of
Church of Scotland with Great
Britain
 Fierce Spirit of Independence
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1695 Born in Fife, Scotland. His father was
a minister of the church of Scotland.
1713 Graduated from University of St.
Andrews with M. A. Then attended
University of Edinburgh.
1718 Licensed as Presbyterian minister.
Preached at Dunkeld.
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1719 Moved to Tealing. Here he preached
a series of sermons comparing doctrine of
Presbyterians with the Bible.
1727 Wrote The Testimony of the King of
Martyrs Concerning His Kingdom.
Opposed state churches
1725 Left Tealing church and
started an Independent church.
About 100 went with him.
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Church agreed to follow Glas as overseer.
Observed Lord’s Supper monthly
Practiced discipline found in Matthew 18.
1726-26 Glas brought before several
synods. Finally deposed as a preacher.
 1739 General Assembly broke precedent
and revoked sentence of deposition
He was restored as a preacher but not for
the church of Scotland.
1775 Died at age of 78. His wife and all
fifteen children preceded him in death.
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Teachings of John Glas
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Authority of Scriptures over all creeds.
Restoration if New Testament Christianity.
Church is a local congregation
Autonomy of local church
Faith demonstrated by obedience
Baptism is the sign of our covenant with
Christ. Unites one with Christ and the
Church,
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“. . . the washing of our bodies. . . in
baptism imparts purification from the
defilement of sin. . . .”
Still accepted sprinkling as dedication of
infants.
Lord’s Supper to be observed weekly.
Acts 2:42 is a pattern for worship.
ROBERT SANDEMAN
1718 Born April 29, in Perth
Scotland. His father, David, an
indifferent Glasite by
membership, introduced his son
to Glas’ ideas at an early age.
1734 Enrolled in the University
of Edinburgh, completing two
terms While a student at the
University of Edinburgh that
Sandeman became a member of
a Glasite church.
During his time in Edinburgh,
Sandeman had the opportunity to
personally meet Glas and some of
his associates.
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1735 Left the University and became an
apprentice in the weaving business.
1737 Married John Glas’ daughter
Catherine.
1741 Left a prosperous weaving
business he had established with his
brother. Income from this allowed him to
devoted his full time to preaching. He also
took part in the church where Glas was an
elder.”
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1744 At the age of 26, Sandeman was
appointed an elder of Glas’ congregation
and became their primary literary
publisher.
1745 As an elder, he wrote a letter
reproving his father for neglecting the
assembly.
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1757 Published the most controversial
and widely read of all his works was
Letters on
Theron and Aspasio (1757). This work was
a dialogue between Sandeman and James
Hervey, a well-known Calvinist minister
from Northamptonshire, concerning
Hervey’s work Dialogues between Theron
and Aspasio (1755) This dialogue brought
Sandeman’s theology
 1760
Word reached Sandeman in
London that his work Letters on
Theron and Aspasio had caused quite
a stir in the American colonies.
 1763
Sandeman invited by several
men in America to visit and teach.
Since his wife had died, he accepted
the invitation.
SANDEMAN’S VIEWS
 His views were very similar to those of
Glas.
 He believed in strict discipline, similar to
that of the church of Scotland.
 Elders must be in every church. The
Lord’s Supper could not be observed with
elders present.
 Justification and faith.
 Faith is man accepting the redeeming
work of God, not earning it.
 Faith is an activity instead of mere mental
assent.
*They called themselves the “church
of Christ” but did not believe this
was a specific name.
*Opposed all religious creeds.
*Refused the title, “reverend” and did not
wear clerical clothing.
*Foot washing and the holy kiss
*The holy kiss was practiced at the end of
the love feast.
*Foot washing was only occasional.
James and Robert Haldane
James
Haldane
Robert
Haldane
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1764 Robert born in London.
1768 James born in Dundee, father died
two weeks later.
1778 Mother died, reared by maternal
grandmother. Both served in the Royal
Navy, James reaching rank of captain.
1785 James marries Katherine and move
to Airthery, near Stirling. Attended a
Congregational church. Robert had
previously been influenced by Robert
Bogue, brother-in-law of Greville Ewing.
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1793 James leaves Navy. While living in
London meets and is influenced by
Willliam Innes, an Independent preacher.
1796 Robert hears of great mission work
in India and determines to go. Invites
Bogue, Ewing and others to accompany
him.
However, government permission denied.
Meanwhile, James becomes
associated with John Campbell in
“Sabbath Schools”. He established
34 in vicinity of Edinburgh in six
months. Robert joins in effort.
1798 Greville Ewing preaches last
sermon for church of Scotland. He,
William Innes and the Haldanes
form a Congregational church after
order of Glas and Sandeman.
1799 Started Tabernacle church
with 300 members
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Lord’s Supper every first day, if minister
present.
Weeky collection for the poor.
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1798 Robert sent 10 young men to David
Bogues school in Gosport, England.
1799 Formed own school in Edinburgh, Greville
Ewing in charge. In May, moved to Glasgow
where Ewing preached for the Glasgow
Tabernacle.
1800 Disagreement between Robert Haldane
and Ewing over which church in charge of
school. Haldane moved church back to
Edinburgh. However, school came under
influence of Glas / Sandeman.
Beliefs
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New Testament as pattern for worship
Apostolic church as model for all ages.
Congregational autonomy
Elders served to guide and teach church.
Each church had ministers and deacons
Weekly observance of Lord’s Supper
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In 1808 the Haldanes rejected infant baptism
and were immersed.
Practiced foot washing, more as a custom of
hospitality.
Replaced Holy Kiss with more contemporary
greetings.
Called self, “Church of Christ”
Relation to Haldenes with
Glas/Sandeman
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Haldanes influenced much by Glas. They
either agreed or adopted much of Glas’
understandings.
Robert Haldane became a great admirer of
Robert Sandeman.
Differences
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Infant Baptism.
Discipline. Glas was much stricter.
The Haldanes were more evangelistic.
Glas and Sandeman were more teachers.
Influence in America
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1816-18 George Forrester moved to
Pittsburgh and founded a church and
school.
THE SCOTCH BAPTISTS
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Developed from the Independent
movement and were much influenced by
Haldanes.
Some called “Haldane Baptists”.
Teachings
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Baptism for remission of sins.
Followed pattern of worship in Acts 2:42
Observed love feast and washing of feet.
Avoided gaudy, worldly appearance.
Retained some Calvinistic beliefs but
thought elect could back slide.
INFLUENCE OF SCOTCH
REFORMERS ON ALEXANDER
CAMPBELL
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We cannot determined how much they
influenced him. He claimed he was not a
member of any movement.
Rich Hill, where he lived was often visited by
Haldane ministers. He heard James Haldane
preach.
He was acquainted with Alexander Carson who
lived near him. In attempting to answer a Scotch
Baptism on the mode of baptism, Carson
accepted immersion.
In 1808 the Campbell family sailed
for America to join Thomas.
However ship was wrecked off
coast of Scotland.
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Family spent winter in Glasgow.
Alexander Campbell able to attend
University of Glasgow.
Became associated with Greville Ewing
and Haldanes.
It was during this period that the
Haldanes rejected sprinkling as baptism.
Areas of agreement and
disagreement.
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Agreed with Glas in many areas. Felt he
was inconsistent on Infant baptism.
Agreed that faith more than belief in the
truth.
Thought Sandeman had incomplete
understanding of faith and baptism.
Campbell’s Visit to Great Britain in
1847
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Visited many Scotch Baptist, Sandemanian
and Independent churches.
“The Scotch Baptists must certainly unite
with our brethren in England and
Scotland”
In Edinburgh he went to hear James
Haldane but he was not there.
Disappointed in condition of the
congregation.
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A Haldane congregation in Londonderry
converted.
Campbell led a cooperative meeting in
Chester, England and agreed to help find
an evangelist in America to help them.
THE SCOTCH BAPTISTS
The Scotch Baptists developed out of the
Scottish independent tradition that sought
to live separate from the authority of the
Church of Scotland.
 Some called “Haldane Baptists”
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BELIEFS
Followed worship pattern of Acts 2:42
 Observed the kiss of charity
 The washing of one another's feet, when
it is really serviceable as an act of
hospitality.
 They thought that a gaudy external
appearance in either sex, be their station
what it may, is a sure indication of the
pride and vanity of heart.
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They also consider gaming, attending
plays, routs, balls, and some other
fashionable diversions, as unbecoming
the Christian profession.
 They retained some Calvinistic beliefs
but consider the elect could back slide.
 They taught baptism for the remission of
sins.
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INFLUENCE OF SCOTTISH
REFORMERS ON
ALEXANDER CAMPBELL
Campbell doubtless was
influenced by Independent leaders
while in Ireland and Scotland. Yet
he claimed he belonged to none of
them.
 Rich
Hill, where Thomas Campbell
lived, was often visited by Haldane
ministers.
 In his youth Alexander Campbell
heard Rowland Hill on his
evangelistic tour of northern Ireland.
Rowland
Hill
1744-1833
James Haldane visited Rich Hill in 1801.
 AC was also acquainted with Alexander
Carson who lived nearby. In 1808 Carson
challenged a Scotch Baptist on the mode
of baptism. In his attempts to answer him
from a study of the Bible, he accepted
immersion.
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In October, 1808, the Campbell
family sailed for America to join
Thomas. However, the were ship
wrecked and spent the winter in
Glasgow.
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he came associated with
Greville Ewing and the Haldanes.
 During this period these men had
accepted immersion, as Carson had
recently done.
INFLUENCE
From Glas AC learned the separation of
church and state, congregational
independence, weekly observance of the
Lord’s Supper, and anti creedalism.
 He saw Glas as inconsistent on infant
baptism.
 He and Sandeman saw this as a
dedicatory rite. The Haldanes later
rejected this.
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He disagreed with the dogmatic and
uncharitable attitude he saw in some of the
Sandeman persuasion.
He agreed with him on the nature of faith. “. . .
faith is no more than belief in the truth. . . “
He saw that Sandeman had in incomplete
understanding on the necessity of faith and
baptism as expressions of faith.
Plean. In 1791, his son, Robert
Haldane, commissioned the
design by the eminent architect
Robert Adam, which is the basis
of Airthrey Castle today.
Robert Sandeman
?Sandeman was like a giant
among dwarfs. He was like
Samson with the posts of Gaza
on his shoulders “
John
Glas
1695-1773
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Born September 21, 1695
His Father, Thomas Was Minister Of
The Church of Scotland
Attended Grammar School At Perth,
Later Attending St. Leonard’s College
at St. Andrews. Received M.A. May 6,
1713
Then Attended University Of Edinburgh
Received A Calvinistic Education Both
At Home & University
Licensed As A Presbyterian Minister At
Dunkeld Presbytery On May 20, 1718,
Later At Tealing In Forfarshire May 6,
1719
At Tealing Presbyterian Church 5 Years
John
Glas
1695-1773
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1727 – Wrote The Testimony Of The King
Of Martyrs Concerning The Kingdom
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Believed:
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Against State Churches &
Intervention Of Civil Authorities In Church
Matters
The Church Is Made Up Of Those Who
Experienced The Grace Of Christ
Separated Themselves From The World
Gathered Themselves In The Church
Therefore, No Place For Civil Affairs
Separated From Tealing Church, July 13,
1725, Starting An Independent Church
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100 People Followed
Agreed To Follow Christ As Lord
Subjected Themselves To Glas’ Leadership
Observed The Lord’s Supper Monthly (Not
Quarterly Like Scottish Church)
Followed Matthew 18 – Church Discipline
Formed A Society Of Believers
John
Glas
1695-1773
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Divisions Continue
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August 6, 1726 – At Strathmartine
Taught John 18:36,37 – Christ’s Kingdom
Is Not Of This World
No Earthly Civil Designation Of Authority
(Against Physical Kingdom Teaching In
That Day)
Close To Treason
Brought Before A Number Of Synods
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Aug. 1726 – Synod of Angus & Mearns
Sept. 6, 1726 – Synod Of Dundee
Oct. 1727 – Synod of Montrose
April, 1728 – Synod Of Angus & Mearns
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Members Submitted 26 Questions To Glas
And His Reply Was Discussed
Glas Was Suspended As Presb. Minister
Appeal To Gen. Assembly At Edinburgh May
2, 1728
Glasite Church - Dundee
John
Glas
1695-1773
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Still More Presbyterian Synods
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Oct. 17, 1728 – Synod Of Dundee
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Should They Suspend Or Depose Glas?
He Was Deposed
Mar. 12, 1730 – Appealed To Highest
Presbyterian Court Who Confirmed The
Sentence To Depose Him
1739 The General Assembly Broke
Precedence And Revoked The Sentence Of
Deposition
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Though It Restored Glas As A Minister, It
Did Not Restore Him As A Minister In The
Church of Scotland
Glas Never Requested This, But Its
Happening Showed A Sign Of Softening
Against Congregationalism
John Glas - 1695-1773
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Last Years Of Ministry
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1730 – Continued To Minister To New
Tealing Society
Moved To Dundee To Support Himself By
Opening A Bookstore
Moved To Perth In 1733
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1734 Established A Congregational Church
in Edinburgh
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His Independent Reputation Was Not
Quickly Accepted
When Opening A New Meetinghouse There
Some In Town Threw Mud At Attendees
George Miller, The Town Clerk Intervened
And Kept The Meetinghouse From
Destruction
Met Robert Sandeman There
Later Became His Son-In-Law
Died November 2, 1773 – 78 Years Old
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Survived By 15 Children, Wife Died In 1749
Most Of Family Buried At Dundee In “Old
Howff” Cemetery
John Glas – Buried In Howff
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Robert
Sandeman
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1718-1771
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Born April 19, 1718
Father, David, A Linen Merchant
And Magistrate In Perth
Attended University Of Edinburgh
To Prepare For The Ministry In
Church Of Scotland 0 1734
As A Youth He Became
Acquainted With Glas Ideas
1735 Choosing To Give Up
Ministry Idea, He Returned To
Perth To Begin An Apprenticeship
In Weaving Business
1737 He Married Katherine,
Daughter Of John Glas
1740 Set Up A Weaving Business
1756 His Brother Married Another
Of Glas’ Daughters
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Robert
Sandeman
1718-1771
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1744, Age 26 – Became Elder Of
Perth Congregational Church
Preached For Next 16 Years At
Perth, Dundee & Edinburgh
1757 – Wrote 2 Volume Work,
Letters On Theron And Aspasio
Against James Harvey’s Teachings
On Calvinism
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James Hervey Had Written An
Apologetic Of Calvinism Called
Theron And Aspasio – 1755
As A Result Of Letters On … Many
English Congregational Churches
Began Appearing
1761 – He And Brother William
Went To London To Teach His
Congregational Ideas
By 1766 Many Congregational
Churches Are In England
Glas Church In Edinburgh
Robert
Sandeman
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American Influence
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1718-1771
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1760 – Letters On Theron And
Aspasio Appear In Colonies
1763 – He Receives A Letter Urging
A Visit To America
August 30, 1764 Sandeman Departs
Scotland Arriving In Boston Harbor,
Oct. 18, 1764
Glas/Sandemanian Churches
Established In Connecticut, Rhode
Island, Massachusetts, & Other New
England States
Sandeman Died In Danbury,
Connecticut, April 2, 1771 At 53
Years Of Age, Two Years Before
Glas In Scotland
Some Beliefs Of The
Glasites/Sandemanians
Believed They Could Reenact 1st Century Order In Christianity
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Denied Tenets Of Calvinism
Had Lord’s Supper Every Sunday
Observed Love Feasts
Had Foot-Washings
Mutual Exhortations
Casting Lots, etc.
Robert Sandeman, Danbury, Conn.
Robert & James Haldane
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James Haldane
1768-1851
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1798 – Started A Church In
England After The
Glas/Sandeman Order
The Tabernacle Church – Beg.
1799 With 310 People
L.S. Administered Every
Sunday
Weekly Collections Taken
Operated Schools Throughout
England
Close Associate To
Greville Ewing
Associated With Baptists
Haldane Home – Airthrey Castle,
Sterling, Scotland
Tabernacle Church Teaching
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N.T. Contained The Pattern For All Christian Service
Apostolic Church Model Provided Church Model For All Ages
Thus Teaching “Restoration” Or “Restitution”
Congregational Autonomy
Elders Served In Each Congregation, Teaching & Ruling
Each Church Had Its Own Deacons & Minister
Civil Authorities Had No Right In Church Matters
Weekly Observance Of The Lord’s Supper
By 1808 Both Haldanes Believed That Immersion Was The
Only Proper Mode Of Baptism
Haldanes Differed With Glas Over Discipline, Took A More
Loving Approach
Haldane Tabernacle - Edinburgh
Greville Ewing
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1767-1841- Born In
Edinburgh, Scotland
Supported Mission &
Congregationalism In
Scotland
Founding Member &
Secretary Of Edinburgh
(Later Scotland) Missionary
Society, March, 1796
Street Where Ewing Lived In Glasgow
Influence Of Greville Ewing
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Met And Worked With
Haldane Brothers Until
1808 Teaching In Schools,
Preaching
1800-1839 – Minister Of
Mother Church of Scottish
Congregationalism,
Glasgow, Scotland
Instructed At University of
Glasgow
One Of His Students
1808,1809 Year Was
Alexander Campbell
Haldane Church Where Ewing
Preached
In
Glasgow
Old Glasgow University