Transcript Document
Intro Dynamic Parameters of College Opportunity: Demographics, Labor Markets, Globalization and Inequality Association for Institutional Research Toronto, Ontario May 24, 2011 Tom Mortenson Senior Scholar The Pell Institute for the Study of Opportunity in Higher Education Higher Education Policy Analyst, Postsecondary Education OPPORTUNITY Themes: •Four Foundations of Public Policy •Progressive and Regressive Policy Eras •Opportunity Consequences of Policy Shift Four Foundations of Public Policy 1. 2. 3. 4. Demographic Change Labor Market Change Globalization Inequality Minority Shares of the Education Populations High School Graduates 1959 to 2009 K-12 Students Approved for Free or Reduced-School Lunches Total Employment Distribution of Employment by Industry Distribution of Goods Producing Employment by Industry Distribution of Service Providing Employment by Industry Distribution of Gov Employment Level Tertiary Type-A Degree Rates, 25-34 OECD & Partner Count. 2003 Tertiary Type-A Degree Rates, 2534 OECD & Partner Count. 2007 Change in Tertiary Type A Degree Attain. Rates 25034 yr olds OECD & Partner countries 2000-07 Gini Indexes of Income Inequality for workers, families, households Gini Indexes Household Income Inequality by State Map Gini Indexes Income Inequality Before Taxes and Transfers Tot. Pop. OECD Gini Indexes Income Inequality After Taxes and Transfers Tot Pop. OECD Changes Gini Indexes Income Inequality Before & After Taxes and Transfers Tot. Pop. OECD Policy Eras in the United States 1862 to 1980: The Progressive Policy Era: • Morrill Land Grant Act created state universities • Teachers colleges for universal K-12 education • Community colleges • Need-based financial aid for students • GI Bill for returning World War II military veterans • Supportive services for students 1980 to Present: The Regressive Policy Era: • Federal shift from grants to loans, abandon needs-test • State reduction in higher education investment efforts • State shift from need-based grants to merit scholarships • Universities and colleges lust for prestige and revenue Distribution of Revenue Sources for Financing Higher Education Share of Federal Student Fin Aid Based on Financial Need 1964-2009 Purchasing Power of Pell Grant Max Award State Fiscal Support for Operating Expenses FY1961 to FY2011 Ntl Average Resident Undergrad Tuition – Required Fees Public Inst Share of State Student Financial Aid Based on Financial Need 1982-2008 Distribution of 4-yr college & Univ Admissions Selectivity Financial Aid Resources Recvd Fulltime, full-yr depend undergrads 1 Institution 2007-08 Financial Resources & Barriers full-time, full-yr depend undergrad 1 Institution 2007-08 Mean Unmet Financial Need by Parents’ Income Quartiles 1990 to 2008 Mean Net Price to Family % of Parents Income Opportunity Consequences of Policy Shift • Redistribution of college enrollments • Stagnation in college participation rates • Growth in bachelor’s degree attainment mainly in the inherited privilege classes • Growing gaps in educational attainment between shrinking majority and growing minority populations • Growing income inequality—higher education is an “engine of division” Low Income Student Shares of Totals Estimated Baccalaureate Degree Attain. By Age 24-Family IncQuartile Change in Estimated Bach Degree Attainment Rate by Age 24 Distribution of Bachelor’s Degrees Awarded by Age 24 Share Pell Grant Recips Enrolled Public&Private 4-yr Fy1974-2009p First-Choice Share of Undergrad Without Pell Grants Share of Pell Grant Recipients Enrolled at America’s Best Universities Tertiary Type-A Completion Rates Bachelor’s Degree Completion Rates by Student Characteristics 2005-2008 Contact Information: www.postsecondary.org [email protected]