Transcript Chapter 1

Chapter 1 - H
“Science Skills”
1.1 What is Science?
1. List as many pieces of technology as you can that
are on or a part of your desk.
2. The application knowledge to solve practical
problems is known as
_________________________.
3. List the 3 main branches of science.
4. Which branch will we cover in this class?
5. What is required EVERY DAY in this class?
6. What is Mrs. Ferrer’s Homework Policy about due
dates?
7. What is her policy about coming into class after the
bell?
1.1 What is Science?
1.1 “What is Science?”

a method of acquiring
knowledge
A process
 A body of knowledge


STEPS:
Curiosity
 Methods
 Discovery

1.1 What is Science?

Technology

The use of knowledge to solve
practical problems.
1.2 A Scientific Method
1.2 A Scientific Method
1.2 A Scientific Method
VARIABLES:
1. Manipulated (independent) – what YOU change on purpose
2. Responding (dependent) – what YOU measure as a result of what
you changed
3. CONTROL – the experiment WITHOUT the I.V. (manipulated variable)
4. Controlled Variables (constants) – all other components MUST
stay the same for each trial
5. Uncontrolled Variables – the components you CANNOT control
1.2 A Scientific Method
1.2 A Scientific Method
1.2 A Scientific Method
1.2 A Scientific Method
1.2 A Scientific Method

Scientific Facts – observed results

Scientific Theory (e.g. Kinetic Theory,
Germ Theory, Evolution) – well-tested
explanation of results/observations
(never proven)

Scientific Laws (e.g. gravity, Ohm’s
law, conservation) – a pattern found in
nature

Scientific Models (e.g. atoms, weather)
- representation of a object or event
FOLLOW-UP
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Scientific investigations begin with ____________.
The application of knowledge to solve practical
problems is known as ________________.
What is the purpose of an experiment?
Write a couple sentences describing how
advances in technology have affected your life.
Design Your Own Experiment
Suppose that you want to conduct a test to see which brand
of cleanser produces the best results when cleaning a
kitchen floor. Think about how you would conduct this
test.
1. What materials would you need?
2. What procedure would you follow?
3. How would you determine which cleanser
produces the best results?

LAB SAFETY
1.3 Journal “Measuring Length by the
Handful”
The English units that we use in the United States
developed over a long period of time. For
example, the hand was devised in ancient times
as a unit of length. It was defined as the length of
a person’s hand from the little finger to the thumb.
Today the height of horses is still measured in
hands, but the definition of a hand is standardized
at 4 inches or 10.16 centimeters.
1.Why did the hand produce
unreliable measurements before it was
standardized?
2.Measure the height of your desk in
hands. Compare your results with other
classmates. How do the results vary?
3. WORK ON METRICS MANIA
1.3 Measurement


Measurements in science are
DATA.
It is important that they are both
accurate and precise.
1.3 Measurement

Precision vs. Accuracy

Precision = exactness


(more significant digits: 1.256m stride,
not 1m)
Accuracy = closeness to actual
value.

(using a quartz or atomic watch instead
of counting in your head) try it.
1.3 Measurement

SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
A way of expressing a value by
powers of 10.
 Make very large and very small
numbers easier to work with.

For practice, write these numbers out in long form.
Turn to page 15, Math Practice
1.3 Measurement

International System of Units (SI)

MEASUREMENTS ALWAYS HAVE
A NUMBER AND A UNIT


4m, 25s, examples??????
Allow scientists from all over the
world to understand one another’s
measurements
1.3 Measurement
1.3 Measurement
Derived Units
Quantity
Unit
Symbol
Area
square meter
m²
Volume
cubic meter
m³
Density
kilograms per cubic meter
Pressure
pascal (kg/m•s²)
Pa
Energy
joule (kg•m²/s²)
J
Frequency
hertz (1/s)
Hz
Electric charge
coulomb (A•s)
C
kg/m³
1.3 Measurement - PREFIXES
Prefix
Symbol
Factor Number
Factor Word
giga
G
1,000,000,000 (109)
billion
mega
M
1,000,000 (106)
million
kilo
k
1,000 (10³)
thousand
hecto
h
100 (10²)
hundred
deca
da
10
ten
Base unit
m, g, L
1
meter, gram, Liter
deci
d
1/10 (10ˉ¹)
tenth
centi
c
1/100 (10ˉ²)
hundredth
milli
m
1/1,000 (10ˉ³)
thousandth
micro
m
1/1,000,000 (10-6)
millionth
Try some conversions
1.4 Presenting Scientific Data - Journal
1.
“Evaluating Precision” Lab:
1.
2.
Read and do page 1
Read page 2
1.4 Presenting Scientific Data


Data: the measurements and
observations taken during an
experiment.
Need to be ACCURATE (reliable)
and PRECISE (exact) in order to be
able to answer the hypothesis.
1.4 Presenting Scientific Data
Must also be
presented in a way
that can be
understood and
analyzed.


DATA TABLES: show the
relationship between your
independent
(manipulated) and
dependent (responding)
variables.
Category
Mass of Waste
paper
15kg
plastic
3kg
glass
9kg
metals
8kg
yard wastes
4kg
food wastes
7kg
other
2kg
TOTAL
38kg
1.4 Presenting Scientific Data
Must also be presented in a way that can
be understood and analyzed.


GRAPHS: show the relationship between your
independent (manipulated) and dependent
(responding) variables IN A WAY THAT IS EASIER
TO ANALYZE
Mass in kilograms
Mass of Waste (kg)
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
paper
plastic
glass
metals
Type of Waste
yard wastes
food wastes
other
1.4 Presenting Scientific Data
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Bar Graphs:

Compare sets of measurements,
amounts or changes.
1.4 Presenting Scientific Data
Circle Graphs:


Show how a PART relates to the WHOLE.
1.4 Presenting Scientific Data

Line Graphs:

Show CHANGES that occur in related
variables, and HOW they’re related.
Figure 21: Mass vs. Volume of Water
– DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL
The slope tells the relationship between the variables.
Figure 21: Distance vs. Light Intensity
– INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL