Transcript No Slide Title

Global Resources
Monroe L. Weber-Shirk
School of Civil and
Environmental Engineering
Outline
 Population
 Our
Footprint
 Energy
 Transportation
 Water
Population Pyramids
(by country)

Prediction of future
population based on
current population
http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/
idbpyr.html
Urban Population
3500
3000
Urban population
is overtaking rural
population
millions
2500
2000
Rural
Urban
1500
1000
500
0
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
year
3000
West Asia
Urban and
Developed World
footprints
millions
2500
North America
2000
Latin America and the
Caribbean
Europe and Central Asia
1500
1000
500
Asia and the Pacific
0
1975
1980
1985
year
1990
1995
Africa
The Footprint of the Developed
World
North America, Europe and parts of East Asia
consume immense (unsustainable) quantities of
energy and raw materials, and produce high
volumes of wastes and polluting emissions…
 that cause environmental damage on a global scale
(notably climate change) and widespread pollution
and disruption of ecosystems, often in countries
far removed from the site of consumption.
 Wealthy industrialized countries control pollution
locally but the wider-scale impacts (apart from
ozone depletion) have yet to be tackled effectively.

Energy Consumption
How much does
a Gj of electricity
cost?
Pe r C apita Ene rgy C onsumption (Gj)
0
100
200
300
400
0
50
100
150
200
West Asia
Energy conversions
North America
Latin America and the
Caribbean
Europe and Central Asia
Asia and the Pacific
What are the
energy costs per
person?
Africa
1015
1012
109
106
103
P
T
G
M
k
"Peta"
"Tera"
"Giga"
"Mega"
"kilo"
Total Ene rgy C onsumption (Pj)
Motor Vehicles



is a major contributor to greenhouse gas
emissions
pollutes urban air
uses substantial land
degrades and fragments habitat
700
North America
600
Latin America and
the Caribbean
Europe and
Central Asia
Asia and the
Pacific
Africa
500
400
300
200
100
0
year
1996

West Asia
1990

800
1980

Transport now accounts for
 _____
1/4 of world energy use
 _____
1/2 of the world's oil production
motor vehicles account for nearly
80 % of all transport-related energy
___
Transport
millions

Freshwater
The declining state of the world's freshwater
resources, in terms of quantity and quality, may
prove to be the dominant issue on the environment
and development agenda of the coming century
 About 20 % of the world's population lacks access
to safe drinking water and about 50 % lacks
adequate sanitation
 Worldwide, polluted water is estimated to affect
the health of about 1.2 billion people and to
contribute to the death of about 15 million
children under five every year (ICWE 1992).

Measures of Poverty
malnourished children
people not expected
to survive to age 40
people lacking
health services
illiterate adults
people lacking
safe water
people who are
income-poor
0
200
400
600
800
millions
1000 1200 1400
Water Supply – Global Coverage
in 2000
What do the countries with the poorest coverage share?
0 – 25%
26 – 50%
51 – 75%
76 – 90%
91 – 100%
Missing data
Water Supply in the Largest
Cities
Mean percentage of population with each type of service
100%
90%
Unserved
80%
Others
70%
60%
Borehole or handpump
50%
40%
Public tap
30%
20%
House connection or
yard tap
10%
e
ro
p
Eu
an
ia
.
.A
O
ce
m
er
C
N
LA
&
ia
As
Af
ric
a
0%
What are the implications of being “unserved?”
Treated Urban Wastewater
100%
90%
90%
80%
66%
70%
60%
50%
35%
40%
30%
14%
20%
10%
0%
no data
0%
Africa
Asia
LA & C N. Amer. Oceania
Europe
Our Global Priorities
400
350
1.7 million children
300
die from lack of
Annual 250
billions of
clean water
200
dollars
150
 5 million people die
100
every year from
50
water borne diseases.
0
 180 million children
are hungry
ne
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
Goals for Sustainable
Development Related to Water
economic  Ensure the adequate supply and
efficient use of water for agricultural,
industrial, urban and rural development
social  Ensure adequate access of the poor
majority to clean water for domestic
use and small scale agriculture
environmental  Ensure adequate protection of
watersheds, aquifers and freshwater
ecosystems and resources
The Challenge
All population growth is expected to occur in
developing nations
 Rural population is expected to stabilize at around
3.2 billion (from 2.97 billion today)
 The growing population will settle in urban areas.
 The challenge is to provided the basic
infrastructure required by nearly 2 billion new
urban residents in the developing world by 2025.

Summary
Global Human Population
 Resource Utilization

Currently unsustainable
 Wealthy industrialized countries cause environmental
damage on a global scale
 Unjust and likely basis of future conflicts


Water


Challenge of providing clean drinking water and
treating wastewater as population grows, resources are
stretched, and global climate changes
Energy…Our information technology revolution
will fail if it continues to run on coal and oil
Reflections
 Is
it ethical to drive an SUV?
 Slash and burn world view
 Human propensity to focus on the wrongs
of the other
 Rain
forest destruction
Energy Costs
$0.10
hr
kW
$2.8 ´ 10- 8 $28
×
×
=
=
kW ×hr 3600s 1000W
J
GJ
If all of our energy use was electricity our annual
energy cost would be
350GJ $28
×
= $9, 700 / person
Capita GJ
•Electricity is the most expensive form of energy.
•We pay for our energy at many different places.
Taxes, gasoline, firewood, anything we purchase!