Transcript Chapter 2 Exploring the Americas

Chapter 2
Exploring the Americas
Section 1: A Changing
World
Marco……POLO!!!
 Marco Polo, an Italian explorer returned to Venice, Italy from
China in 1295.
 He wrote a book describing the China (The far east) as a
magnificent place filled with riches and resources.
 200 years later, Kings from Europe were allowing explorers
to look for these resources and valuable materials (gold).
A growing interest
 Most Europeans had no idea the Western hemisphere
existed
 Goods from the Far East began appearing in European
markets and people started becoming interested in distant
land.
Warmup
 How did Marco Polo impact Europe?
Growth of Trade
 European Merchants could make a fortune selling goods
from Asia
 They craved goods such as Cinnamon, pepper, and other
spices.
 Ports were set up along the Mediterranean Sea. Merchants
would travel by camel from Asia, then take a ship to Europe.
This was very time consuming.
Growth of Ideas
Rich merchants used their money to look study
the past (Ancient Greece, Rome)
Italians learned about philosophies, poetry,
and science
This period of intellectual and artistic creativety
became known as the Renaissance. It
convinced many Europeans to pursue new
goals and ideas, paving the way for an age of
exploration and discovery.
The Birth of Nations
For many years, Europe was a group of small
states. Political power was divided locally.
However, by the 1400’s Strong Monarchs, or
king or a queen, came to power in Spain,
Portugal, England, and France.
These kings and queens set up laws, courts,
taxes, and armies
They also looked for ways to make their
countries stronger and wealthier.
Technology’s Impact
 Advances in Technology, or the use of scientific knowledge
for practical purposes, opened the way for European
voyages.
 The Printing Press was invented in 1450. This device made
book making faster.
 More people now could have access to books. Marco Polo’s
book, Travels, was now more widely read throughout
Europe.
Better Maps
Most early maps were inaccurate, drawn from
scratch
New inventions such as the Astrolabe which
was an instrument that measured the position
of stars, helped determine latitude while at
sea.
Europeans improved the compass, which was
a Chinese invention that was passed to the
Arabs, then to the Europeans.
Better Ships
New ship designs allowed for longer ocean
voyages. The Caravel was a ship that could
sail faster and carry more cargo than other
ships
It could also sail in shallow water, which
allowed sailors to explore inlets and beach
their ships to make repairs.
Europeans could now sail to Africa with ease
African Kingdoms -Ghana
 300-1100A.D. Located in West Africa
 Got rich in trade. Ghana was close to salt mines and gold
mines. They taxed foreign Kings for trade.
 Was conquered by the Almoravids from North Africa. They
controlled Ghana for 10 years, then Ghana’s power slowly
declined.
African Kingdoms - Mali
 From 1200 on Mali revived the powerful trade routes in North
Africa
 They expanded their territory into what was formerly Ghana
 Their greatest king Mansa Musa ruled from 1307-1332. He
was described at the time as the most powerful, richest, most
fortunate, and most feared by his enemies.
Mali Ctd
Musa was Muslim. West Africans picked up the
religion from traders passing through
He made a Pilgrimage (a journey to a holy
place) to Mecca,and brought 12,000 slaves
and a huge military escort.
He returned and built muslim houses of
worship called Mosques in Timbuktu.
Timbuktu became a center for Islamic art and
learning.
African Kingdoms - Songhai
 The Songhai people lived around the Niger River and rose up
against the Mali people. They captured Timbuktu in 1469.
 It became a rich trading center, but was captured by Morocco
a North African nation armed with guns and cannons in the
late 1500’s.
Warmup 9/26
 Describe how technology had an impact on Europe.
Section 2: Early Exploration
 Portugal led the way in exploring the world
 Portugal lacked a Mediterranean port, so it could not be part
of trade between Asia and Europe. They had to find a better
way.
 Portugal decided to start expeditions down the West coast of
Africa.
Henry the Navigator
 Prince Henry of Portugal laid the groundwork for all
expedition.
 New Portuguese ships sailed farther South than anyone had
before.
 They sailed to the Azores Islands and the Canary Islands.
From there they got favorable winds that took them down the
African Coast
Bartholomeu Dias
Portugese moved south along Africas west
coast. They set up trading posts for gold and
bought African slaves as well. They called this
area the Gold Coast.
The King of Portugal decided if he could send
ships around Africa, then they could trade
directly with India and China.
The King sent Dias to explore the Southern tip
of Africa. After fighting through a storm, Dias
reached the “Cape of Good Hope”
Vasco da Gama
 In July 1497, after much preparation Vasco da Gama set out
with 4 ships from Portugal.
 He reached the port of Calicut in India completed the sea
route to Asia.
Look at these
Explorers go
Warm-up 9/27
 Name the accomplishments of the explorers Batholemeau
Dias and Vasco Da Gama.
Christopher Columbus
 Columbus believed the world was round, like many other
Europeans.
 However, he thought Asia was 2400 miles from Europe, or
about 2 months by ship.
 He greatly underestimated the distance
The Viking Voyages
The Vikings reached North America in early
800’s and 900’s. In about 1000 A.D. Viking
Leaf Erikson got lost on the way to
Greenland and landed in Newfoundland
(Canada).
He established a small settlement but it did
not last
Accounts of America were lost in Viking
Legends.
Viking Journeys
Back to Columbus
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of
Spain watched the success of neighbor
Portugal and wanted in on the riches of the
Asian Trade.
They also had just kicked out the Muslims
in Spain, and wanted to establish
Christianity around the world.
The King and Queen agreed to finance
Colombus’s journey. However, he had to
Columbus's First Voyage
He had two small ships, Nina, Pinta, and a
larger ship, the Santa Maria. He had about
90 sailors. He left on August 3, 1492
After a month with no land in sight, his crew
thought about a mutiny.
Columbus convinced his crew to continue
to the “Indies”.
Weeks later he saw seagulls and weeds
floating, both signs of life. He discovered
America on October 12, 1492, although he
Columbus’s first Voyage Ctd
He said the inhabitants were, “All of good
stature and a very handsome people.”
He noted that the natives often touched the
Europeans to make sure they were “Flesh
and bones themselves.”
Columbus returned to Spain triumphant in
1493. He returned for three more voyages
in 1493, 1498, and 1502 to establish
Spanish settlements.
Spain/Portugal Rivalry
To keep the peace between the two
nations, the pope established the line of
demarcation in 1493 This was an
imaginary boundary in the Atlantic Ocean
between the North Pole and the South
Pole.
Spain received the rights to land west of
the line, and Portugal east of it.
In 1494, the two countries signed the
Dashed line is line of
demarcation
Bold line is treaty of
Tordesallas
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
 Worked as a governor of a Spanish town in modern day
Panama.
 Formed a team to voyage through the jungle
 Discovered a large body of water. He claimed the Pacific
Ocean for Spain.
Ferdinand Magellan
 Spain still wanted to find a sea route to Asia.
 In 1519 they commissioned Magellan to lead an expedition to
circumnavigate , or sail around the world.
 When looking for a passage around South America, one of
his ships turned around and sailed back to Spain.
Magellan’s Journey
Magellan found a straight on Nov 20th
1520.
The voyage across the Pacific lasted four
months.
The crew ran out of food and had to eat
sawdust, rats, and leather of the rigging to
survive.
Magellan was killed in the Philippines when
he was caught up in a local war trying to
spread Christianity to the native people.
Map of Magellan's Journey
Warm-up 10/2
 Foreshadowing: Describe the effect of the Spanish and
Aztecs coming into contact.
Section 3: Spain in America
 Spanish Conquistadors (or explorers) explored the
Americas in return for 1/5 of the gold went to the King and
Queen.
 Hernando Cortes landed in Mexico in 1519. He came with
500 soldiers, horses, and a few cannons. He soon learned
about the Aztec empire and their capital, Tenochtitlan.
Cortes’ Plan
The Aztec had conquered many cities
during their history and forced them to pay
tribute (gold, crops, clothing) to the Aztecs
When Cortes passed through, he used the
hostility of these cities toward the Aztecs
against them.
When Cortes arrived in Tenochtitlan, he
was welcomed by the natives. However,
while in the city him and his men captured
Montezuma, the leader of the Aztecs and
Aztecs Fall
 The Aztecs had enough and drove Cortes out of the city.
 Cortes waited for more troops to arrive. In 1521, him and his
army attacked and destroyed Tenochtitlan.
 With the capitol destroyed, Spain seized control of the region
Warm-up 10/4
 In a paragraph tell me why Cortes was successful in his
conquest of the Aztecs
Pizzarro Conquers Peru
In 1530 the conquistador Francisco Pizarro
sailed down the Pacific coast of South
America with 180 soldiers
In 1532 Pizarro captured Atahualpa, the
leader of the Incas, and trapped the Incas.
The 200 Spanish killed 10,000 unarmed,
unorganized men of the Incas with guns,
swords, and horses.
Atahualpa was killed months after capture.
Without leadership, the Incas fell quickly.
Why Spain Succeeded
 Weapons- guns, cannons, horses
 Many Native Americans hated the Aztecs
 Disease- Small Pox and other fatal diseases broke out in
America. More than half of the population died. They died in
heaps of people and in mass. There was nothing that could
be done
Spain in North America
 Juan Ponce de Leon was the first Spaniard in North
America. He searched for the legendary “fountain of youth” in
Florida. He failed but set up a settlement and a fort at St.
Augustine, Florida
 Other explorers searched for gold and riches in North
America but failed.
Important Terms
 Viceroy – The Kings Representative in the Americas
 Pueblos – towns
 Missions – Religious communities that usually included a
small town
 Presidio – A fort built by a mission
Social Classes
This is a rank of people with the most
privilege to the ones with no respect in the
community
1. Peninsulars – Spaniards who owned
land
2. Creoles – People of Spanish and Native
American descent
Native Americans
In the 1500’s the Spanish government
granted encomienda, or the right demand
taxes or labor from Native Americans.
This turned Native Americans into slaves.
A Spanish priest named Bartolome de las
Cosas condemned the cruel treatment of
the Native Americans.
He convinced the Spanish govt to pass a
law that forbid the use of Native Americans
as slaved. It did not always work, but it
The Slave Trade
 Now that Spanish Americans couldn’t use Native Americans
for labor, they imported slaves
 Slaves worked the Plantations, which was a large estate run
by the owner or a manager and farmed by workers living on
it.
The Colombian Exchange
The Colombian Exchange refers to the
exchange of plants, animals, and disease
that altered life in both America and
Europe.
Europeans brought over horses, cattle,
pigs, and chickens.
The Americas provided Europeans with
crops such as corn, tomatoes, beans,
squash, potatoes, and chocolate, which
The Colombian Exchange
Ctd…
 Europeans brought many diseases to the Americas, including
small pox, influenza (Flu), measles, and other diseases
 When Columbus landed on Hispaniola in 1492, there were
more than 3 million Native Americans living there.
 50 years later, only about 500 remained.
Warm-Up 10/5
 1. List the social classes that were in place in “New Spain.”
 2. In a couple sentences, foreshadow how the ranking of
social classes would impact America long-term.
Section 4 Exploring North
America
 Mercantilism the theory that a nations power was based on
its wealth.
 Countries in Europe competed for overseas territory that
could produce wealth.
 The Treaty of Tordesillas divided the Americas between
Spain and Portugal, but other countries such as England,
France, and the Netherlands ignored the treaty.
English Expeditions
 In 1497 England sent John Cabot to look for a Northern route
to Asia. He landed on Newfoundland.
Jacques Cartier (France)
 This French explorer sailed up the St. Lawrence River
looking for the Pacific Ocean. He got as far as the peak
“Mont Royal” which later became the Canadian City of
Montreal.
Henry Hudson (Netherlands)
 Discovered a river in 1609 (Hudson River)
 He was looking for a passage to India, instead got as far as
Albany.
 He returned a year later, hired by England
 Discovered a huge bay, now named Hudson Bay.