Exploration, Enlightenment and Great Thinkers Vocabulary Words and Key Figures will be highlighted in

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Getting Ready to Explore

• • • 1400s to 1500s was a time of great change, exploration and discovery for the world.

Largely took place in Western Europe. Silk Road became dangerous and expensive, but many kingdoms still wanted access to Asian goods.

New Technology

• Many had the desire to explore, but it was not safe due to the lack of technology until the 1400s.

– Used an astrolabe and compass to determine latitude and North.

– Began using triangular sails which allowed better movement in the wind. – Built ships that were smaller so they could go faster and were easier to sail

Strong Nations

• • Although the new technology was available, it was still expensive and dangerous.

Governments were stronger due to the rise of towns and trade. – Taxes from trade were used to create armies.

Strong Kingdoms

• • By the end of the 1400s there were 4 strong kingdoms: – Portugal – Spain – France – England All had Atlantic harbors and wanted to find a trade route to Asia.

Portugal

• • Portugal was able to explore first because other kingdoms were fighting in wars. “Henry the Navigator” began exploring Africa and mapping its coast.

– Sugar cane was discovered and became very profitable.

Vasco da Gama

• While exploring along the coast of Africa, rounded the tip of Africa and sailed across the Indian Ocean landing in India.

– Discovered a new route to Asia.

• •

Christopher Columbus

An Italian navigator, who thought he would get to Asia by crossing the Atlantic Ocean. – Spain sponsored Columbus’s voyages Sailed three ships and eventually landed in the Caribbean and claimed the land for Spain.

– Sailed three more times to the region, but never knew he wasn’t in Asia. – Other Europeans realized he found two large continents.

Ferdinand Magellan

• • • Wanted to find a route to Asia, but passing through the Americas.

Found a way around South America- Strait of Magellan. – Named the Pacific Ocean because it was so clam. Reached the Philippines, but was killed by local people.

Riches from Discovery

• • Spain and Portugal’s successful discovery of routes to Asia made them wealthy. – This made other countries (England and France) want wealth and success too. How did Spain and Portugal become so rich?

Mercantilism

• •

Mercantilism-

silver. the idea that a country gains power by building up its supply of gold and – Best way to do this is through

imports

and

exports

.

The more you export the more money you make.

Colonialism

• • Increase trade lead to more money.

Set up colonies.

Colony-

a settlement of people living in a new territory controlled by their home country. – Colonists should produce goods that the country does not have at home.

European Trade

• • Mercantilism encouraged trade posts in Asia and North America.

Commerce-

buying and selling of goods in large amounts over long distances. – Start of how business is done today.

European Trade in Asia

A Global Exchange

Global Exchange of Goods

• • • After the Age of Exploration, the economies of the world became connected. Lead to the exchange of goods, technology, ideas and disease. Increase of movement of people to new lands.

Review

• Exploration of the New World

The Scientific Revolution

• • Science began as a way to solve every day problems. – Math, Astronomy, Medicine With the discovery of new land and a more global world, people became more interested in science and the exchange of ideas.

– Believed that advances could only come from math and experiments.

Theory

• • • •

Theory-

an explanation of how or why something happens. Based on what is observed. May not be correct, but makes sense. Many early scientific discoveries were based on theory.

Copernicus

• • • Wrote a book called On

the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

Disagreed with the idea that the earth was the center of the universe.

Believed that the Sun, not the Earth, was the center of the universe, and the planets moved around the sun.

Galileo

• • Made great advances in Science. – Created a telescope to help support Copernicus’ ideas.

• Other planets have moons – Developed a thermometer to measure temperature changes. Was criticized by the Catholic Church for his beliefs, and retracted them although they spread through most of Europe.

Isaac Newton

• • Wrote a book, Principia, which stated his laws on the universe and earth.

– Supported Copernicus and Galileo’s ideas Most known for his Universal Law of Gravitation. – Force of gravity holds the entire solar system together

Review

• The Scientific Revolution

Enlightenment

• • • European thinkers were impressed by the ideas of Scientific Revolution. Many thought that reason and scientific ideas could be applied humans and govern life. Believed that reason was better than faith and tradition to guide human life.

Natural Law

• • • Great thinkers of the time believed in Natural Law.

Natural Law-

reason. law that applied to everyone and could be understood by This law was important to understanding government and people.

Thomas Hobbes

• • • Wrote about English government and society. Wrote the book

Leviathan.

Believed the best form of government was a

Monarchy-

government ruled by a King or Queen who inherits power by birth.

Hobbes’ Beliefs

• • Humans were naturally selfish, violent, and could not be trusted to make their own decisions. Believed that a King had ultimate power and could control the people.

• •

John Locke

Felt that natural law affirmed peoples’ rights to make the government answer to them. People had natural rights. The right to life, liberty and to own property.

Locke’s Beliefs

• • • Citizens should be guaranteed natural rights, and it is the government’s job to protect them. All governments were based on a

social contract-

between rulers and people. agreement If the government broke the social contract the people could government.

revolt-

attempt to overthrow the

Montesquieu

• French thinker who believed England had the best government.

•

Separation of Power-

the government’s power should be equally divided among three branches.

Montesquieu’s Government

• • Government should have 3 branches. – Legislative: to make laws – – Executive: to enforce laws Judicial: to interpret laws and judge if they were broken. Prevents the government from getting too powerful and threatening people’s rights.

Voltaire

• • Felt the Catholic Church and governments worked together to keep knowledge from people. Opposed the government supporting one religion.

Voltaire’s Beliefs

• People should be free to choose their own beliefs.

• Government should not choose one religion for its citizens to practice.

Rousseau

• Around 1700, some started to criticize the Enlightenment.

• Rousseau believed that supporters of the Enlightenment relied too much on reason.

Rousseau’s Contract

• • • People should pay more attention to their feelings. Humans were naturally good, but civilized life corrupted them. To improve oneself, people should live a simple life close to nature.

Women and the Enlightenment

• • • The Enlightenment changed how many viewed women’s roles. Previously felt women needed to be controlled and protected. Argued that all women have reason, and therefore should have rights.

Government Power

• • • During the Enlightenment great thinkers believed government power should be limited. However, powerful Kings and Queens ruled most of Europe and did not like these ideas.

Absolutism-

– monarchs held absolute, or total power by divine right. Rulers answered to God, not the people.

• Enlightenment

Review

What does this mean?

• • At this time, citizens started to demand rights and control over their lives. The discovery of new land, scientific advances and change in thought of the role of government allows for people to take more control in their daily lives.