Transcript AutoCAD Architecture 2008: Part I: Getting Started

Making a Difference
in the Lives of Children and Adolescents
Chapter 1
Child Development and Education, Fourth Edition
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Chapter Outline
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The field of child development
Basic issues in development
Theories of child development
Developmental periods
From theory to practice
Child Development and Education, Fourth Edition
Teresa M. McDevitt and Jeanne Ellis Ormrod
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
2
The Field of Child Development
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Goal: to identify and explain persistent,
cumulative, & progressive changes in
physical, cognitive, & social-emotional
development of children & adolescents
Three key factors
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Nature – genetics
Nurture – environment
The child’s own activity – choices and efforts
Child Development and Education, Fourth Edition
Teresa M. McDevitt and Jeanne Ellis Ormrod
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
3
Three Developmental Domains
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Physical
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Cognitive
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genetics
prenatal growth & birth process
body/brain changes & motor skills
health-promoting behaviors
concepts, language, memory, reasoning
Social/Emotional
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emotions, self-concept, motivation, social
relationships, moral reasoning & behavior
Child Development and Education, Fourth Edition
Teresa M. McDevitt and Jeanne Ellis Ormrod
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
4
Nature and Nurture
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Nature: inherited (genetic) characteristics
& tendencies
Nurture: environmental conditions
Separate and combined effects
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relative effects vary for different areas of development
inherited tendencies affect responsiveness to environment
extreme environments may play greater role in
development
timing of environmental exposure matters
children’s natural tendencies affect their environments
Child Development and Education, Fourth Edition
Teresa M. McDevitt and Jeanne Ellis Ormrod
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
5
Universality and Diversity
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Universality – commonalities seen in all
individuals
Diversity – different individuals progress in
different ways
Child Development and Education, Fourth Edition
Teresa M. McDevitt and Jeanne Ellis Ormrod
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
6
Change
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Qualitative – dramatic change in essence
or underlying structure
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stage theories (Piaget, Erikson)
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hierarchical
often universal
Quantitative – gradual progression with
many small additions and modifications
Child Development and Education, Fourth Edition
Teresa M. McDevitt and Jeanne Ellis Ormrod
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
7
Basic Lessons
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Remember both nature and nurture
Familiarize yourself with developmental
trends & common variations
Look for both qualitative & quantitative
change
Child Development and Education, Fourth Edition
Teresa M. McDevitt and Jeanne Ellis Ormrod
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
8
Theories of Child Development
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Biological
Behaviorism and social learning
Psychodynamic
Cognitive-developmental
Cognitive process
Sociocultural
Developmental systems
Child Development and Education, Fourth Edition
Teresa M. McDevitt and Jeanne Ellis Ormrod
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
9
Biological Theories
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Emphasize bodily maturation & motor abilities
Historically, overlooked effects of experience
Darwin, Montessori, Lorenz, Bowlby
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Key principles:
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maturational levels impose limits on abilities &
interests
physical abilities serve valuable functions
Child Development and Education, Fourth Edition
Teresa M. McDevitt and Jeanne Ellis Ormrod
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
10
Behaviorist & Social Learning Theories
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Behaviorism: visible, external behaviors &
environmental influences
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Skinner, Pavlov
Social learning: beliefs and goals
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Bandura
Child Development and Education, Fourth Edition
Teresa M. McDevitt and Jeanne Ellis Ormrod
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
11
Psychodynamic Theories
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Interaction between internal conflicts &
environment
Role of early experience
Social/personality, abnormal development
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Freud, Erikson
Child Development and Education, Fourth Edition
Teresa M. McDevitt and Jeanne Ellis Ormrod
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
12
Cognitive-Developmental Theories
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Qualitative changes in thinking processes
Children play an active role
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Piaget, Kohlberg, Flavell
Child Development and Education, Fourth Edition
Teresa M. McDevitt and Jeanne Ellis Ormrod
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
13
Cognitive Process Theories
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Detailed analyses of what children think
and do
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Siegler
Child Development and Education, Fourth Edition
Teresa M. McDevitt and Jeanne Ellis Ormrod
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
14
Sociocultural Theory
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Impact of social and cultural systems
“process of children becoming full adult
participants in the society into which they
are born”
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Vygotsky, Greenfield, Gauvain
Child Development and Education, Fourth Edition
Teresa M. McDevitt and Jeanne Ellis Ormrod
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
15
Developmental Systems Theory
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Dynamic relation among systems
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child’s body
physical environment
multiple, interconnected social systems
Bronfenbrenner, Thelen
Child Development and Education, Fourth Edition
Teresa M. McDevitt and Jeanne Ellis Ormrod
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
16
Developmental Periods
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Infancy (birth to 2 years)
Early childhood (2–6 years)
Middle childhood (6–10 years)
Early adolescence (10–14 years)
Late adolescence (14–18 years)
Child Development and Education, Fourth Edition
Teresa M. McDevitt and Jeanne Ellis Ormrod
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
17
Developmentally Appropriate Practice
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Instruction & services adapted to age,
characteristics, & developmental
progress of individual children
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children as active learners
adult-level functioning is not always realistic
or valuable for children to model
children should work together with ethics
and democracy
Child Development and Education, Fourth Edition
Teresa M. McDevitt and Jeanne Ellis Ormrod
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
18
Preparing for
Developmentally Appropriate Practices
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Look for & capitalize on children’s
strengths
Recognize that immaturity serves a
purpose
Meet diverse needs
Nudge children toward advanced
thinking & behaving
Child Development and Education, Fourth Edition
Teresa M. McDevitt and Jeanne Ellis Ormrod
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
19
Strengthening the Commitment
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Maintain awareness of current research
findings through continued coursework
Work with colleagues & professionals to
share concerns & gain new perspectives
Join organizations & subscribe to professional
journals
Child Development and Education, Fourth Edition
Teresa M. McDevitt and Jeanne Ellis Ormrod
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
20
Take-Home Messages
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Developmental change is studied
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in several domains
in several developmental periods
Patterns of change can vary
Many theoretical frameworks provide
explanations for change
Teachers and practitioners should commit
to developmentally appropriate practices
Child Development and Education, Fourth Edition
Teresa M. McDevitt and Jeanne Ellis Ormrod
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
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