Transcript 설립취지 - CD4CDM

Korea’s Experience: National Mitigation
Opportunities and Sustainable
Development
Prepared for the 1st Extended Regional Workshop
on “Capacity Development for the Clean Development
Mechanism”
(AIT, UENP RISOE, IGES)
24-26 March, 2004
Siem Reap, Cambodia
Jin-Gyu Oh
[email protected]
Korea Energy Economics Institute
Contents
I. Energy and CO2 emissions in Korea
II. Energy policies for sustainable development in
Korea
III. CDM opportunities
- District Heating and CDM
2015년 7월 21일 화요일
I. Korea at a Glance

Land Area:

– 192.9 million TOE(10th)
– 97.2 % imported
– Energy import bill:
US$ 37.6 billion
– CO2 119 mil TC
– 99,392㎢ (S.Korea)

Population:
– 47.0 mil persons (25th)

GDP (‘00):
– US$ 459 billion (11th)
– US$ 9,768 per capita
Energy Use (‘00):

Korea ranks
– No. 3 in oil imports
– No. 2 in coal and LNG
imports
2015년 7월 21일 화요일
I. Energy, CO2 Emissions
Energy
CO2
Manufacturing
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing
(mil. TOE,
mil TC)
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
70
2015년 7월 21일 화요일
(%)
80
90
99
I. Energy, CO2 Emissions
Table 1 –Energy/Economy/Environment Indicators: Past
1981
1990
1995
1999 AAGR
(%)
’81’91’90
’99
Primary
45.7
93.2
150.4 181.4
8.2
7.7
Energy
(Mil TOE)
GDP
122.4 263.4 377.4 436.8
8.9
5.8
(’95 Tril
Won)
CO2
37.1
65.2
101.2 111.3
6.5
6.1
(Mil TC )
Per Capita
0.96
1.52
2.24
2.38
5.3
5.1
CO2 (TC)
Population(
38.7
42.9
45.1
46.9
1.2
1.0
Mil)
2015년 7월 21일 화요일
’81’99
8.0
7.3
6.3
5.2
1.1
I. Energy, CO2 Emissions
Table 2 –CO2 Emissions by Sector: Past
1981
1990
1999 AAG
R(%)
’81- ’91- ’81’90
’99 ’99
Industry
33%
37%
36%
7.8
6
6.9
Transport
8%
18%
21%
15.9 8.1 12.0
Resid.Com
35%
27%
16%
3.5
0.4
1.9
mer
Public
4%
3%
1%
3.4
-5.3 -0.9
Elec,City
20%
16%
26%
3.6
12
7.7
gas
Total
37
65
111
6.5
6.1
6.3
(1000 TC)
2015년 7월 21일 화요일
I. Energy, CO2 Emissions
Table 3 – Future Energy/Economy/Environment Indicators
1999
2010
2020 AAG
R(%)
’99- ’11- ’99’10
’20 ’20
Primary
181.4
275.1
334.2
3.9
2.0
3.0
Energy
(Mil TOE)
GDP
436.8
794.2
1,198.4
5.6
4.2
4.9
(’95 Tril
Won)
CO2
111.3
170.6
205.3
4.0
1.9
3.0
(Mil TC )
Per Capita
2.38
3.37
3.92
3.2
1.5
2.4
CO2 (TC)
Population
46.9
50.6
52.4
0.7
0.3
0.5
(Mil)
2015년 7월 21일 화요일
I. Energy, CO2 Emissions
Table 4 –Future CO2 Emissions by Sector
1999
2010
2020 AAG
R(%)
’99- ’11’10
’20
Industry
36%
30%
28%
2.2
1.4
Transport
21%
23%
23%
4.7
2.2
Resid.Com
16%
15%
15%
3.2
1.5
m
Public
1%
1%
1%
2
0.3
Elec,City
26%
32%
33%
6
2.3
gas
Total (Mil
111
171
205
4
1.9
TC)
2015년 7월 21일 화요일
’99’20
1.8
3.5
2.4
1.2
4.2
3.0
Primary energy by fuel
1.0%
1.4%
9.3%
14.9%
14.2%
0.8%
0.4%
16.9%
1999
21.0%
19.6%
53.6%
46.8%
1999
Petroleum
Coal
2015년 7월
21일 화요일
2020
Nuclear
LNG Hydro
Fire Wood
2020
Hydro
Fire Wood
CO2 Emissions by Sector 1999, 2020
100%
90%
unit: 1,000TC
unit: 1,000TC
28,660
25%
70%
1,172
6,417
6%
60%
11,788
11%
80%
50%
40%
23,169
1%
1%
33%
67,948
1,506
5%
9%
10,658
23%
47,668
29%
58,285
19,240
21%
30%
20%
40,107
36%
10%
0%
1999
2020
Industry
Transport
Residential
Commercial
Public & Others
Conversion
II. Energy policies for sustainable
development in Korea
2015년 7월 21일 화요일
Sustainable Development: Concept

Sustainable Development: Development that meets the needs of
present without compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs (WCED, ’87)

The ultimate objective of this Convention … is to achieve, …
stabilization of GHG concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that
would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate
system. Such a level should be achieved within a time-frame
sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change,
to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable
economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner.
(Objective of the Climate Convention)
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Sustainable Development: CC, KP

The Parties have a right to, and should, promote sustainable
development. (A. 3 (Principle) of the Climate Convention)

The purpose of the CDM shall be to assist Parties not included in
Annex I in achieving sustainable development and in contributing to
the ultimate objective of the Convention… (A. 12, Kyoto Protocol)

All Parties, … in order to achieve sustainable development, … shall:
formulate, implement, …, national and regional programmes
containing measures to mitigate climate change … (A. 10, KP)
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Sustainable Development: WSSD

Improve access to reliable and affordable energy services for
sustainable development (A. 8, Plan of Implementation, WSSD)

Access to energy facilitates the eradication of poverty

Improve access to reliable, affordable, economically viable, socially
acceptable and environmentally sound energy services and
resources
– Modern biomass, fuelwood
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Sustainable Development: WSSD

Energy for sustainable development (A. 19, Plan of Implementation,
WSSD)

Integrate energy considerations, including energy efficiency,
affordability and accessibility, into socio-economic programmes
– Major energy consuming sectors: public, transport, agriculture

Develop/disseminate renewable energies

More efficient use of energy

Develop domestic program for energy efficiency

Promote R&D on energy technologies
2015년 7월 21일 화요일
1. Voluntary agreement (Industry)

Partnership program between government and industry

Company submits detailed action plan of energy
conservation target, GHG reduction target
• 8% improvement over 5 years

Incentives: low interest loan, technical support
2015년 7월 21일 화요일
1. Voluntary agreement (Industry)
Table 5 –Summary of VA Action Plan (1999-2004)
No. of
Energy
CO2
Investment
companies
conservation
Reduction
(billion $)
(mil TOE)
(mil TC)
212
4.05
3.36
2.04
Table 6 – Energy/CO2 Saving from VA Program in 2000
Numb
er of
Items
Energy
$
CO2
Saved Avoided Saved
(mil
(Mil $
(mil
TOE/yr) TC/yr)
/yr)
2,353
2015년 7월 21일 화요일
1.64
1.33
313
Investment (Mil $)
Loan
Self
Total
Financing
64
216
280
Payback
Period
(Year)
0.9
1. Voluntary agreement (Industry)
Table 8 – Energy Savings by Options of VA Program in 2000
Energy Saved
(1000TOE/yr)
Equipment
replacement
Heat recovery
Process
improvement
Retrofit
O/M improvement
Fuel Substitution
Others
Lighting
improvement
Insulation
Total
2015년 7월 21일 화요일
289
%
17.7
194
333
11.9
20.4
160
445
64
123
13
9.8
27.2
3.9
7.5
0.8
15
1,636
0.9
100
2. Management of energy-intensive
factories (Industry)

The second five-year plan: 1997-2001

190 factories, 30,000 TOE or more

Plan to save 10% of energy (compared to 1996) with
2.38 bill $ investment
2015년 7월 21일 화요일
3. Industrial energy audit (Industry)

Evaluate energy efficiencies of fuel and electricity-using
facilities

Present appropriate measures to improve energy
efficiency

Provide consulting assistance for efficiency
enhancement

Recommend energy efficiency measures

For 1980-2000, fee-based audits(1,491), free (8,146)
2015년 7월 21일 화요일
4. Promotion of CHP in industrial complex

Heat and power provided to 500 factories in 18
industrial complex
– efficiency improvement: 38% -> 87%

Government exercise mandatory consultation on the
feasibility of co-generation plant for new industrial
complex
2015년 7월 21일 화요일
5. Promotion of ESCO (Industry)

From government-led energy conservation program to
private company-led program with the promotion of
Energy Service Company: creativity, voluntary
– 3 companies in 1992, 102 in 2000
– Investment limited to co-generation in industrial sector
and lighting system in building until 1997.
– now diversified to process improvement, waste heat
utilization, cooling & heating facilities
– 23 mil $ (‘98), 66 mil $ (2000) investment
2015년 7월 21일 화요일
5. Promotion of ESCO (Industry)

Government support
– provide low interest loan for ESCO investment
• 5.5% interest rate, repayment in 5 yr with 5 yr grace period
– credit loan based on ‘energy savings’ as mortgage
– tax reduction to ESCO and its customers
– Energy Mart annually for ESCOs and potential customers
2015년 7월 21일 화요일
6. Promotion of high-efficiency equipment

Energy efficiency rating/labeling program
– 5 grades to the high energy consuming and widely
used products
• 8 items: refrigerator, air conditioner, clothes washers,
incandescent bulbs, fluorescent lamp, ballast for fluorescent
lamp, CFL, household gas boiler
• sales of grade 1 & 2: refrigerator (93%), air conditioner (99%)
• incandescent bulbs: mainly 2-3 grade
– automobile: grades and fuel efficiency
2015년 7월 21일 화요일
6. Promotion of high-efficiency equipment

Minimum energy performance standard program
– prohibits products that fail to reach ‘Minimum energy
performance standard’ from manufacturing, selling
• 6 month grace period, and fine
• refrigerator, air conditioner, clothes washers, incandescent
bulbs, fluorescent lamp, stabilizer for fluorescent lamp,
household gas boiler
• usually based on lowest value of 5 grade
2015년 7월 21일 화요일
6. Promotion of high-efficiency equipment

Certification of high efficiency energy using
appliances program
– gives certifications to products over standards (1996)
– promote the spreading of high efficiency energy
equipment
• induction motor, fluorescent lamp, heat recovery ventilator,
industrial gas boiler, household gas boiler, vending machine
etc.
– Incentive: low interest loan for production facility (4 m$),
preferential government procurement
2015년 7월 21일 화요일
7. Demand-Side Management

Efficient utilization of energy through load
management, promotion of efficiency at demandside

Energy supply companies implement load
management program
– peak clipping, peak shifting, DSM tariff system

Rebate system for high-efficient appliances
2015년 7월 21일 화요일
8. Financial assistance to energy efficiency
investment
Table 5 –Low interest loan (1999)
(unit: Mil $)
Category
Installation of energy saving facility
ESCO
District heating
CHP in industrial complex
New, renewable energy
dissemination
114
35
147
21
26
interest rate 5.5%, repayment in 5-7 yr with 5-7 yr
grace period
2015년 7월 21일 화요일
9. Energy technology R&D activities

Ten-year national plan for energy technology
development (1997-2006)
– energy efficiency technology, new & renewable
technology, clean energy technology
– goals: reduce 10% of the total national energy
consumption in 2006 through technology
– supply 2% of total national energy with new &
renewable energy in 2006
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10. Policies in the energy supply
1. Expansion of nuclear power plants
2. Expansion of use of natural gas
3. Expansion of use of new/renewable energy
2015년 7월 21일 화요일
III. District Heating and CDM
2015년 7월 21일 화요일
1. District Heating and CDM

Energy consumption for heating: large (’99)
• 76% of residential sector (15.1 mil.TOE)
• 51% of commercial sector (6.2 mil. TOE)
• ☞ 15% of total final energy

Three types of heating
• Individual heating: individual residence
• Central heating: apartment, residential/commercial complex
• District heating: apartment, residential/commercial complex
2015년 7월 21일 화요일
1. District Heating and CDM
 Two
competing projects for
providing heat
– Baseline project: a project (BAU)
– CDM project: a project emitting less
GHGs → obtain CER (Certified
emissions reductions)
2015년 7월 21일 화요일
1. CDM, District Heating with CHP

Baseline project
– Central heating
– Electricity: thermal power plant

CDM project
– District Heating with Combined Heat and Power
– HOB (Heat only boiler)

Producing heat and electricity together more efficient than
producing heat and electricity separately → Less emissions
2015년 7월 21일 화요일
1. CDM, District Heating with CHP

Various types of Baseline project possible
– Fuel for Central heating: ①Gas ②Diesel
– Fuel for Electricity: ①Coal ②Gas

Various types of CDM projects possible
– By Size of CHP: ①Large (900Mw) ②Small (45Mw)
– Fuel for CHP: ①Gas ②LSWR
– Fuel for HOB: ①LSWR ②LNG
2015년 7월 21일 화요일
Baseline Project
CH/Generation
Heat/Elec production:
Same amount
Central Heating: Gas/Diesel
Generation: Gas/Coal
CDM Project
CHP DH/HOB
CHP: Heat/Elec(Gas/Coal/LSWR
HOB: LSWR
Fuel inputs
Fuel inputs
GHG emissions calculated
GHG emissions calculated
Difference: CER
2015년 7월 21일 화요일
Cases for CDM projects
Large
(900
MW)
Small
(45M
W)
Baseline project: Central
heating/Thermal power
CDM project: District heating
with CHP
case 1
CH (Gas), Elec (Coal)
L. CHP (Gas), HOB (LSWR)
case 2
CH (Gas), Elec (Gas)
L. CHP (Gas), HOB (LSWR)
case 3
CH (Diesel), Elec (Coal)
L. CHP (Gas), HOB (LSWR)
case 4
CH (Diesel), Elec (Gas)
L. CHP (Gas), HOB (LSWR)
case 5
CH (Gas), Elec (Coal)
S. CHP (LSWR), HOB (LSWR)
case 6
CH (Gas), Elec (Gas)
S. CHP (LSWR), HOB (LSWR)
case 7
CH (Diesel), Elec (Coal)
S. CHP (LSWR), HOB (LSWR)
case 8
CH (Diesel), Elec (Gas)
S. CHP (LSWR), HOB (LSWR)
2015년 7월 21일 화요일
Effects of CDM versus Central Heating (1)
C1
C2
C3
C4
CDM
Case
CH
(Gas)
Elec
(Coal)
CH
(Gas)
Elec
(Gas)
CH
(Diesel)
Elec
(Coal)
CH
(Diesel)
Elec
(Gas)
L. CHP
(Gas)
HOB
(LSWR)
Heat (1000 Gcal)
2,222
same
as
"
"
"
Elec Production
(Gwh)
3,685
left
"
"
"
Fuel consumed
(1000 TOE)
1,116
1,183
1,116
1,183
845
Fuel saved (1000
TOE)
271
339
271
339
Fuel saved (%)
24.3%
28.6%
24.3%
28.6%
CO2 emissions
(1000 TC)
1,054
755
1,114
815
CO2 reduction
(1000 TC)
514
215
574
271
CO2 reduction (%)
48.7%
28.4%
51.5%
33.7%
CO2 per Heat
(TC/Gcal)
0.196
0.140
0.207
0.151
2015년 7월 21일 화요일
538
0.100
Effects of CDM versus Central Heating (2)
C1
C2
C3
C4
CDM
Case
CH
(Gas)
Elec
(Coal)
CH
(Gas)
Elec
(Gas)
CH
(Diesel
)
Elec
(Coal)
CH
(Diesel)
Elec
(Gas)
L. CHP
(Gas)
HOB
(LSWR)
Fuel costs (bil. Won)
158
366
179
387
258
Reduced Fuel costs
(bil. Won)
- 99
109
- 79
129
Reduced Fuel costs
(%)
-63%
30%
- 44%
33%
Average 'fuel costs
reduced' ($)
-163
425
- 115
396
Efficiency effect
High
High
High
High
Fuel substitution
effect
Very
High
No
Very
High
High
Carbon Credit (Bil
Won)
31
13
34
16
Ratio with Fuel costs
12%
5%
13%
6%
2015년 7월 21일 화요일

CDM project (900Mw large CHP) vs Baseline project (Central
heating + thermal poser)
1.
CDM District heating project would cut down fuel use as well we
emissions of carbon dioxide, compared to Baseline Central heating
project, due to its high level of thermal efficiency of DH.
2.
Compared to Case 2 and Case 4, CDM District heating project can
save 28.6% of fuel. This is due to efficiency improvement effects.
3.
More importantly, CDM District heating project can reduce by 28.4%
of carbon dioxide (215 thousand TC) (than Case 2), and 48.7% of
carbon dioxide (514 thousand TC) (than Case 1), due to additional
effects of fuel substitution.
4.
Overall, carbon reduced range from 215,000 – 574,000 TC (28.4 –
51.5%), annually. → CER created.
2015년 7월 21일 화요일
Thank you…
2015년 7월 21일 화요일