Transcript Document

United States History
1607-1865
Colonial Period

Standards 1-3
SSUSH1 The student will describe
European settlement in North America
during the 17th century.
SSUSH2 The student will trace the ways
that the economy and society of British
North America developed.
SSUSH3 The student will explain the
primary causes of the American Revolution.
SSUSH1.
a. Explain Virginia’s development; include the Virginia Company, tobacco cultivation,
relationships with Native Americans such as Powhatan, development of the House
of Burgesses, Bacon’s Rebellion, and the development of slavery.
b. Describe the settlement of New England; include religious reasons, relations with
Native Americans (e.g., King Phillip’s War), the establishment of town meetings and
development of a legislature, religious tensions that led to colonies such as Rhode
Island, the half-way covenant, Salem Witch Trials, and the loss of the Massachusetts
charter.
C. Explain the development of the mid-Atlantic colonies; include the Dutch settlement of
New Amsterdam and subsequent English takeover, and the settlement of
Pennsylvania.
d. Explain the reasons for French settlement of Quebec.
SSUSH2.
a. Explain the development of mercantilism and the trans-Atlantic trade.
b. Describe the Middle Passage, growth of the African population, and African-American
culture.
c. Identify Benjamin Franklin as a symbol of social mobility and individualism.
d. Explain the significance of the Great Awakening.
SSUSH3.
a. Explain how the end of Anglo-French imperial competition as seen in the French and
Indian War and the 1763 Treaty of Paris laid the groundwork for the American Revolution.
b. Explain colonial response to such British actions as the Proclamation of 1763, the Stamp
Act, and the Intolerable Acts as seen in Sons and Daughters of Liberty and
Committees of Correspondence.
c. Explain the importance of Thomas Paine’s Common Sense to the movement for
independence.
Three Regions of
Colonial America
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New England Colonies
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Massachusetts
Rhode Island
Connecticut
New Hampshire
Three Regions of
Colonial America
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Middle Colonies
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New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Delaware
Three Regions of
Colonial America
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Southern Colonies
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Maryland
Virginia
North Carolina
South Carolina
Georgia
Powhatan Indians
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Hostile to new settlers
Attacked Jamestown
John Smith was able to negotiate with
them for food
English relations with
Native Americans
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The English were not very tolerant of the
Native Americans.
Native Americans were treated harshly,
their land was taken.
Native Americans were forced to convert
to English religions.
French relations with
Native Americans
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The French were very tolerable of Native
Americans.
They participated in fur trading activities
together.
Native Americans were not forced to
convert to French religions.
How did the Dutch lose
territory in North America?
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They lacked a disaffected religious
minority, which caused them to have less
reason to leave home.
They also had more of a stable
environment than did the English who
were seeking better living conditions and
less religious persecution.
Virginia
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Jamestown, Virginia was
founded in 1607
First permanent English
settlement in North America
A corporate colony, founded
by the Virginia Company
Investors hoped to make a
profit from the colony
Success of the Virginia
Colony
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Tobacco became the most profitable cash
crop
Headright System allowed families to
move in and own land
House of Burgesses allowed selfgovernment
Virginia’s House of
Burgesses
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Virginia’s colonial legislature.
It was created in 1619 as part of an effort
to encourage English craftsmen to settle in
North America and to make conditions in
the colony more agreeable for its
inhabitants.
Name colonies that developed
due to religious differences.
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Massachusetts
Rhode Island
Pennsylvania
Connecticut
Maryland
Massachusetts Bay
Colony
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Settled by English Puritans (who were
Anglican, but wanted to reform the Church
of its “catholic” practices)
They were persecuted in Great Britain
They established their “City Upon A Hill”,
what they considered a model utopia, in
Boston
Explain the development
of Rhode Island.

Developed by Roger Williams in 1636 due
to being banished from the Massachusetts
Bay Colony for his advocacy of religious
tolerance and separation of church and
state.
Tension in New England
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Roger Williams challenged forced religion
on the citizens of Massachusetts
He was exiled and eventually founded the
colony of Rhode Island
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Separation of church and state established
here
What did Anne Hutchinson
believe?
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She believed that all people could
interpret the Bible for themselves and did
not need a minister.
Because of her beliefs she was brought to
trial, convicted and banished from the
Massachusetts Bay Colony where she fled
to Portsmouth, Rhode Island with
encouragement from Roger Williams.
Explain the development of
Maryland.
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Developed by Lord Baltimore as a safe
haven for Catholics who had been
persecuted in England.
Middle Colonies:
Pennsylvania
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William Penn: founded
Quakers were first settlers
Penn’s “Holy Experiment”: allowed
freedom of religion
Explain the development of
Pennsylvania.
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Penn purchased the colony with a land
grant that was owed his father.
He developed the colony for freedom of
religion due to his desire to protect
himself and fellow Quakers from
persecution.
What did Quakers believe?
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Quakers sought the “inner light” to
understand the Bible.
Quakers did not have a clergy, and
considered women spiritually equal to
men.
Both men’s and women’s leadership was
established for their meetings.
They tolerated other faiths.
Explain the development of
Connecticut.
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Created a haven for Puritan gentlemen.
The colony was created by Thomas
Hooker, a Puritan minister from the
Massachusetts Bay Colony.
New England
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Originally settled by English Separatists,
who had broken away from the Anglican
Church
They were persecuted
These settlers were called “Pilgrims”
They sailed on the Mayflower from
England to America
Sample Question
One reason the colony of Virginia succeeded
was the
a. profitable tobacco crop
b. leadership of John Smith
c.
management of the Virginia Company
d. relationship with the Powhatan Indians
A. Profitable tobacco crop
Puritans vs. Native
Americans
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King Philip’s War
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Chief of the Wampanoags (Metacom/”King Philip”) led
an attack on the Puritans in response to their laws
that restricted the Indians
It was a very brutal and destructive war
Food shortages, disease, and heavy casualties kept
the Indians from fighting
Metacom was killed and the Indian resistance in New
England ended
What was Bacon’s Rebellion
about?
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Nathaniel Bacon led a rebellion because
the legislature failed to provide settlers
protection from hostile Indians in the
backcountry.
Halfway Covenant
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Allowed second and third generation
Puritans partial membership in the church
until they experienced a true religious
conversion
Salem, Massachusetts
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Location of Salem Witch Trials
Massachusetts Bay Loses
Its Charter
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Puritans refused to obey English law
In 1684, King Charles II revoked the
colony’s corporate charter
Massachusetts became a royal colony,
under strict control of the king
Sample Question
Which factor directly affected the settlement
of New England in the 1600s?
A. Religious persecution in Great Britain
B. The opportunity to cultivate tobacco
C. Growing conflict with the southern
farmers
D. The chance to participate in the slave
trade
a. Religious persecution in Great Britain
Middle Colonies
New Netherland to New
York
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Originally claimed and settled by Netherland
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Diverse Population (settlers were allowed from all
over Europe)
James, Duke of York and brother of King Charles
II, sent a fleet of ships to take the colony away
from the Dutch
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It was accomplished without firing a single shot
It became the English colony of New York
Sample Question
The original settlers of the Mid-Atlantic
colonies were
a. Pilgrims
b. Quakers
c.
Puritans
d. Dutch
D. Dutch
First Africans in Virginia
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In 1619 a Dutch slave ship arrived in the colony
The Africans on board (who were destined to be
traded as slaves in the West Indies), were
traded for supplies in Virginia
The Virginia colony treated the Africans as
indentured servants, not slaves
All of them eventually gained their freedom
before slavery was introduced in Virginia
African Colonial
Population
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As employment opportunities increased in
England, fewer indentured servants came to
America
Transatlantic trade included stops along the
African coast to trade rum (from New England)
and guns and manufactured goods (from
England) in exchange for slaves
Slaves were taken to the West Indies and
various parts of North America in the Middle
Passage of the transatlantic trade
Middle Passage
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The three way sea voyage of slave ships that
carried Africans to North America.
First, British ships loaded with rum, cloth, and
other English goods sailed to Africa, where they
were traded for Africans.
Next, in the Middle Passage, the slaves would be
transported to the New World.
The crew would buy tobacco and other
American goods using profits from selling slaves.
Middle Passage
Columbian Exchange
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Exchange of plants, animals, and diseases
between Europe and the Americas. The
exchange also included Asia and Africa.
As people, products, animals and ideas
flowed, their impact was greater than
anyone could ever imagine.
Columbian Exchange
Sample Question:
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Rum
Slaves
Manufactured goods
The items listed above were part of the
a.
Products produced in the New England colonies
b.
Products traded to England from the American
colonies
c.
Items traded along the transatlantic trade
d.
Items England provided to its American colonies
C. Items traded along the transatlantic trade
Mercantilism
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Export raw materials from colonies to
England
Sell manufactured goods back to the
colonies
Become completely self sufficient as a
country
Acquire wealth
Who is Benjamin Franklin?
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An enlightenment thinker who was a
painter, scientist, author and diplomat.
He proposed the Albany Plan of Union of
1754 and helped secure French assistance
during the Revolutionary War.
He negotiated favorable terms for the
war’s end and was instrumental in
creating the new nation’s Constitution.
Who was Benjamin Franklin?
List the reasons which contributed
to the French and Indian War.
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Resulted from a long simmering rivalry
between Great Britain and France and
their competition for territory in North
America.
The war broke out in 1754 when Great
Britain challenged the French for control
of the land that is now Ohio and western
Pennsylvania.
Results of French &
Indian War and Causes of
the American Revolution
 In
the Treaty of Paris of
1763,Britain won control of North
America.
 France lost most of its North
American possessions.
What caused conflict between the
colonists and the British
government over territory?

In its attempt to govern a larger colonial
empire, Parliament passed a series of laws
to control the colonists.
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Proclamation of 1763 forbade settlement west
of Appalachian Mountains to protect them
from hostile Indians
Stamp Act placed direct taxes on printed
materials to pay for war debt
List issues that laid the groundwork for
the American Revolution: Colonial
Reactions
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No taxation without representation – colonists
believed only their colonial legislatures could tax
them.
In response to the Stamp Act, the Sons of Liberty
terrorized stamp agents.
In response to the Boston Massacre, each colony
formed a committee of correspondence to
communicate with other colonies.
In response to the Tea Act, the colonists dumped
British tea in the Boston Harbor.
Explain the difference between the
Stamp Act and the Townshend Act.
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The Stamp Act required the colonists to
print newspapers, legal documents,
playing cards, and so forth, on paper
bearing special stamps (similar to postage
stamps). Buying these stamped items
was equivalent of paying a tax.
This was a direct tax.
Explain the difference between the
Stamp Act and Townshend Act.
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A tax imposed on glass, lead, paint, paper
and tea that were imported into the
colonies.
The tax was added into the product’s cost
prior to a customer buying it.
This was an indirect tax.
Intolerable Acts
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In response to the Boston Tea Party,
Parliament passed a series of laws to
punish the colony of Massachusetts
The Daughters of Liberty led boycotts of
English goods, especially tea
What did the Committees of
Correspondence do?
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Much of the planning of the First Continental
Congress was carried out by the Committees
of Correspondence.
The Committees were formed because American
patriots could not communicate publicly.
This was the first organization linking the
colonies in their opposition to British rule.
Who are the Children of
Liberty?
 Sons
of Liberty
 Daughters of Liberty

American colonists who opposed British
authority in Massachusetts.
What was the purpose of the
Sons of Liberty?
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A secret resistance organization which
showed their dislike of British rule, they
damaged British property, including
government offices and the homes of
wealthy supporters of the British.
What was the purpose of the
Sons of Liberty?

A secret resistance organization which
showed their dislike of British rule, they
damaged British property, including
government offices and the homes of
wealthy supporters of the British.
Which document listed the
grievances about the King of
England?
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The Declaration of Independence was
inspired by Thomas Paine’s ideas to
denounce the king as a tyrant who made
American independence necessary.
It was a long list of colonial grievances
with advanced the bold idea that “all men
are created equal.”
Written by Thomas Jefferson.
Sample Question:

a.
b.
c.
d.
Which event was NOT a direct result of
the French and Indian War?
Proclamation of 1763
Stamp Act
Treaty of Paris of 1763
Tea Act
D. Tea Act
Sample Question
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The Sons of Liberty
The Daughters of Liberty
The committees of correspondence
Which issue caused British colonists to form the organizations in the list above?
A. The British Parliament had passed series of taxes on its North American
colonies.
B. Native Americans had attacked British colonial outpost within the Northwest
Territory.
C. British naval vessels had seized colonial ships and forced colonial sailors into
service in the British navy.
D. Armed slave rebellions had begun throughout the British colonies to end the
continued practice of slavery.
A. The British Parliament had passed series of taxes on its North American
colonies.
1. Puritans
A. established the first English colony in North America.
B. were tolerant of other religions.
C. felt they had an agreement with God.
D. settled in present day New York.
***
2. Why was Roanoke called the Lost Colony?
A. The English were unable to relocate the colony.
B. The settlers disappeared from the colony. ***
C. The English lost the colony to the French.
D. The French lost the colony to the English.
3. The English colony of Jamestown nearly failed because
A. The people were concerned with finding gold than
growing crops. ***
B. Native Americans refused to help the settlers.
C. The weather was too harsh to grow crops.
D. The soil wasn’t good for agriculture.
4. The Mayflower Compact served to establish
A. Religious freedom throughout the colonies.
B. The possibility of self-government. ***
C. Trade agreements with England and France.
D. A covenant between Separatists and non-Separatists.
5. What was the House of Burgesses?
A. The home of Puritan leaders.
B. Home of the governor of Virginia.
C. The Parliament in Virginia. ***
D. An elected governing body in Virginia.
6. Which phrase BEST describes the American colonies?
A. Religious purpose ***
C. Peace and stability
B. Successful of from the start D. Social equality
7. Which statement BEST explains the growth of representative
government in Massachusetts Bay Colony?
A. The Puritans wanted to establish order within their
societies.
B. England encouraged self-rule among the colonies. ***
C. Religious tolerance depended on the growth of elected
legislatures.
D. Each newly chartered colony patterned itself on other
colonies.
8. The difference between African slaves and indentured servants
was
A. Indentured servants could gain their freedom after a
certain period of time. ***
B. African slaves could gain their freedom after a certain
period of time.
C. African slaves became slaves by choice.
D. Indentured servants were forced to become servants.
9. The French and Indian War was fought
A. Over claims to land in North America. ***
B. Over British treatment of Native Americans.
C. Over rights to fishing west of the Appalachians.
D. Over French treatment of Native Americans.
10. The Act that placed a tax on all paper goods was
A. the Coercive Acts.
C. the Stamp Act.
B. the Intolerable Acts.
D. the Tea Act.
***
11. Which of the following was NOT part of the Intolerable Acts?
A. Boston Harbor was closed.
B. Citizens were forced to house British soldiers in their
homes.
C. Massachusetts lost their right to self-rule.
D. A tax was placed on glass and lead. ***
12. The Proclamation of 1763 affected the colonists by
A. Outlawing settlement west of the Appalachian
mountains. ***
B. Taking all Native American lands and giving it to the
settlers.
C. Admitting Kentucky and Virginia as states.
D. Outlawing settlement in Florida.
13. The Mayflower Compact is historically significant because
A. It was written by the first English settlers to the New
World.
B. It was the first written plan of government in the
colonies. ***
C. It was forced upon the settlers by the English
government.
D. It was a collaboration between the Jamestown and
Plymouth settlers.
American Revolutionary Period
Standard 3c & 4
SSUSH3 The student will explain the primary causes of the American Revolution.
c. Explain the importance of Thomas Paine’s Common Sense to the
movement for independence.
SSUSH4 The student will identify the ideological, military, and diplomatic aspects of the
American Revolution.
a. Explain the language, organization, and intellectual sources of the
Declaration of Independence; include the writing of John Locke and
Montesquieu, and the role of Thomas Jefferson.
b. Explain the reason for and significance of the French alliance and foreign
assistance and the roles of Benjamin Franklin and the Marquis de Lafayette.
c. Analyze George Washington as a military leader; include the creation of a
professional military and the life of a common soldier, and describe the
significance of the crossing of the Delaware River and Valley Forge.
d. Explain Yorktown, the role of Lord Cornwallis, and the Treaty of Paris, 1783.
IDEOLOGY
OF THE
AMERICAN
REVOLUTION
Common Sense
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Written by Thomas Paine
Message: A call for independence
Sold 500,000 copies
Declaration of Independence
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Author: Thomas Jefferson
Based on John Locke’s
Enlightenment philosophy
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“All men are created equal”
All have natural, unalienable rights
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Life
Liberty
Pursuit of happiness (Locke said
“property”)
Government gets its powers from
the consent of the people
People have a right to alter or
abolish their government after a
long period of abuses
Grievances against King George III
noted in the Declaration of
Independence
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“He has obstructed the
administration of justice”
“He has kept among us,
in times of peace,
standing armies”
“He has plundered our
seas”
Boston Tea Party
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The group that led the Boston Tea Party
was the Sons of Liberty.
The Boston Tea Party was a boycott
against the British against imported tea to
the colonies.
On December 17, 1773, colonists dressed
as Native Americans boarded a British ship
full of tea and tossed it into the Boston
harbor.
Boston Tea Party
Response to Tea Party
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Intolerable Acts – which were a series of
acts which punished the colonists for their
participation in the Boston Tea Party.
The acts closed Boston Harbor to trade in
or out of the colonies.
The acts stationed troops in colonists
homes.
Sample Question
John Locke’s theory that all people have
basic natural rights directly influenced
A. The Proclamation of 1763
B. The Declaration of Independence ***
C. The outbreak of the French and Indian
War
D. The expansion of transatlantic
mercantilism
Sample Question

A.
B.
C.
D.
Which idea from the Social Contract Theory is
expressed within the U.S. Declaration of
Independence?
Congress must consist of two legislative houses.
Political term limits are necessary for all elected
officials.
Government authority comes from the consent of the
governed.
***
Individual citizens must be protected by a federal bill
of rights.
American
Revolution

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The war for
independence fought
between Britain and
13 of its colonies in
North America
1775-1783
MILITARY
ASPECTS
OF AMERICAN
REVOLUTION
George Washington
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Leader of the
Continental Army
during the Revolution
Took an all volunteer,
undisciplined,
inexperienced army
and turned it into a
professional army
Lexington and Concord
(1775)

Battles that started
the American
Revolution.
Battle of Trenton
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Christmas, 1776
Washington’s army, who had volunteered for one year of
service, was about to go home
There had been no victories for the army and no reason to
reenlist
General Washington planned a surprise attack on Hessian
soldiers across the Delaware River from the Continental
Army
 Washington and his army crossed the Delaware in the
middle of the night (see next slide)
 In the early morning, they attacked the Hessians and
won
 In a few days, they defeated a British force at Princeton,
NJ
 Many men in Washington’s army, reenlisted and new
recruits joined
Who was the US
Ambassador to France?

Benjamin Franklin won support
from France during the Revolutionary
War. He convinced the French to
form a military alliance with the
Americans in which France agreed to
wage war against Great Britain until
they granted the US their
independence.
Support from France


One support measure was the
volunteering of aristocrat and Patriot
Marquis de Lafayette.
He volunteered his military expertise to
the Americans by commanding troops and
fighting in many of the war battles.
Battle of Saratoga (October, 1777)
Turning Point of War

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Colonist victory over British.
Turning point in Revolutionary
War.
Convinced the French to
become ally of the United
States
Benjamin Franklin played a key
role, as the U.S. diplomat to
France, in convincing them to
form this alliance
Marquis de LaFayette
volunteers to fight
Valley Forge, PA
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Winter of 1777-78
Washington and the Continental Army are
camped at Valley Forge
They have little food
They have poor shelter
Many have no shoes or blankets to keep them
warm
Yet Washington rallies his troops, inspires them,
and uses the time to prepare them for battle
Valley Forge, PA
Battle of Yorktown (1781)
War Ended!
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Yorktown is located on the
peninsula formed by the James
and York Rivers that flow into the
Chesapeake Bay
Washington and his army entrench
themselves on the land side of
Yorktown
The French fleet blocks the
entrance to the Chesapeake Bay
Cornwallis and the British
surrender
The American Revolution is over!
Commanders of British Forces


General Charles
Cornwallis
Surrendered to the
Americans at the
Battle of Yorktown.


General John
Burgoyne
Surrendered to the
Americans at the
Battle of Saratoga.
Treaty of Paris (1783)

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

Officially ended the
Revolutionary War.
British recognized
colonists’ independence.
British gave colonists all
the lands east of the
Mississippi River
Florida was returned to
Spain
Sample Question:

a.
b.
c.
d.
What battle led the French to form a
military alliance with the United States
against the British?
Concord
Trenton
***
Saratoga
Yorktown
1. Why was Common sense important for the American
independence movement?
A. It was the first time the American independence was
discussed.
B. It was the first thing written by Thomas Paine.
C. It inspired people to rebel against the British.
D. It served as a framework for the Constitution.
2. What was the effect of the Enlightenment thinkers on the
political thought in colonial America?
A. They advocated a need for a Bill of Rights. ***
B. They influenced the founding fathers not to rebel
against the English monarchy.
C. They encouraged the United States to form a religionbased government.
D. They spoke out for equal rights for all citizens. ***
3. The American Revolution began when shots were fired at
A. Lexington. ***
C. Princeton.
B. Breed’s Hill.
D. Fort Sumter.
4. The British advantage over the American colonists in the
American Revolution was due to their
A. Familiarity of the terrain.
B. Support of the colonists.
C. Weaponry and government. ***
D. Desire for independence.
5. The American colonists defeated the British in the American
Revolution with the help of the
A. Germans.
C. French. ***
B. Italians.
D. Native Americans.
5. The last battle of the American Revolution was at
A. Princeton and Trenton
C. Appromattox Courthouse
B. Lexington and Concord
D. Yorktown ***
Weaknesses of the Articles of
Confederation

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
GOVERNMENT that:
Had no executive branch
Lacked the power to tax
Lacked the power to regulate commerce
Lacked the power to establish a national
currency
The Articles gave more power to states
than to the national government.
Shays’s Rebellion


Daniel Shays led more than 1,000
farmers, who like him, were burdened
with personal debts caused by economic
problems stemming from the
Revolutionary War.
Shays and his men tried to seize a federal
arsenal in Massachusetts.
Importance of Shays’s Rebellion


In response to Shays’s Rebellion,
George Washington supported the
establishment of a stronger central
government.
In May 1787, he was elected as president
of the Constitutional Convention in
Philadelphia where he and the Founding
Fathers created a federalist form of
government for the US.
Establishing a New
Government
SSUSH5 The student will explain specific events and key ideas that brought about
the adoption and implementation of the United States Constitution.
a. Explain how weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation and Daniel Shays’
Rebellion led to a call for a stronger central government.
b. Evaluate the major arguments of the anti-Federalists and Federalists during the
debate on ratification of the Constitution as put forth in The Federalist concerning
form of government, factions, checks and balances, and the power of the executive,
including the roles of Alexander Hamilton and James Madison.
c. Explain the key features of the Constitution, specifically the Great Compromise,
separation of powers, limited government, and the issue of slavery.
d. Analyze how the Bill of Rights serves as a protector of individual and states’ rights.
e. Explain the importance of the Presidencies of George Washington and John
Adams; include the Whiskey Rebellion, non-intervention in Europe, and the
development of political parties (Alexander Hamilton).
Constitutional
Convention




1787
James Madison introduced a
new plan of government to
address the weaknesses in the
Articles of Confederation
The Constitutional Convention,
held in Philadelphia, PA
resulted in the creation of a
FEDERAL government
(separate executive,
judicial and legislative
branches)
The convention replaced the
Articles of Confederation with
the U.S. Constitution
Support & Fear for a strong
central government
Federalists
Supported a strong
central government.





George Washington
James Madison
Alexander Hamilton
Anti-Federalists
Feared a strong
central government.
John Jay
Richard Henry Lee




Federalists vs. Antifederalists

Federalists





Supported ratification of U.S.
Constitution
Supported strong central
(national) government
Believed it kept factions from
becoming too powerful
Believed the President’s
powers would be check by the
other branches
Every state had its own Bill of
Rights; that was sufficient

Anti-Federalists





Opposed ratification of the
U.S. Constitution
Felt power of government
should remain with the
individual states
Believed factions could not be
controlled from taking power
Believed the President could
become like a dictator with his
power as commander-in-chief
Especially concerned about
the absence of a Bill of Rights
to protect the rights of citizens
Federalist Papers



Newspaper articles
published in New York
Explained reasons why
the states should ratify
the new US constitution
The anonymous authors
(Publius): Alexander
Hamilton, James
Madison, John Jay
Argument for strong central
government


The Federalist Papers was the support
for the ratification of the Constitution.
The Federalist Papers was a series of
85 essays written by Federalists who
supported a strong central government
who presented reasons why the
separation of powers would prevent any
one branch of government from taking
over the entire government.
Father of the Constitution



James Madison was the author of the
United States Constitution.
He attended all Convention Meeting and
was the record keeper of the proceedings.
He took all notes from the Convention to
draft the Constitution.
First Ten Amendments



The first ten amendments to the
Constitution is called the Bill of Rights.
This part of the Constitution was
championed by the Anti-Federalists to
protect and guarantee individual rights of
citizens.
These rights included things such of
freedoms of religion, press, assembly;
guaranteed speedy trials and etc.
Bill of Rights




Freedom of speech, press, religion,
petition and peaceful assembly
Right to bear arms
Protection for unlawful searches and
seizures
Rights of the accused









Attorney
To remain silent
To have charges explained
To question witnesses
Public trial by jury
No excessive fines or cruel or unusual
punishment
Protection of property
Additional rights (9th)
States’ rights (10th)
Great Compromise of the
Constitutional Convention

Virginia Plan



New Jersey Plan
Bicameral Congress
Representation of both
houses based on
population of the
individual states


Unicameral Congress
Representation of
states would be equal
COMPROMISE:
•Bicameral legislature
•Representation in the House of Representatives would
be based on population of each state
•Representation of the Senate would be equal with 2
senators from each state
The Slavery Debate in the
Constitutional Convention

Debates over slavery resulted in


An agreement to outlaw the importation of
slaves from Africa within 20 years (by 1808)
Three-Fifths Compromise: Southern states
being able to count 3 out of 5 slaves in its
census for the purpose of representation in
Congress.

However, this formula would also be considered
for the appropriation of taxes per state.
Limited Government

The federal
government’s powers
are limited to those
specified in the U.S.
Constitution
Separation of Powers

Each branch of government
has a specific purpose and
powers are different from the
other branches



A legislative branch (Congress)
An executive branch (the
President)
A judicial branch (Supreme
Court)
Montesquieu,
Enlightenment Thinker

Championed
the idea of
separation of
powers
Checks and Balances


Each branch of the
government checks
the powers of the
other two branches
Prevents any branch
of government from
becoming too
powerful
Power to the People
 Popular

Sovereignty
The people are the only source of the
government’s power.
Federalism


Distribution of the
powers of
government between
a central (federal)
government and the
regional (states)
governments.
State laws cannot
interfere with federal
law
Sample Question
The Bill of Rights was adopted by Congress
in 1791 to preserve which political
principle?
A. The separation of powers
B. The restriction of political terms
C. The prohibition of racial discrimination
D. The limitation of the federal government
***
Branches of Government



Executive – carries out and enforces the laws.
Consists of the President and Vice President and
the presidential cabinet.
Legislative – makes the laws and changes to
existing laws based on the Constitution and the
Bill of Rights. Consists of HOR & Senate.
Judicial – studies, interprets and reviews laws.
Consists of US Supreme Court.
HoR & Senate


House of Representatives – It is based
on population. Has 435 members. It is
considered as the “Lower” house of
Congress.
Senate – Has 2 representatives from
each state. Has 100 members. It is
considered as the “Upper” house of
Congress.
House of Representatives




A US Congressperson must be at least 25
years old.
They serve 2 year terms. Terms are
unlimited.
They are referred to as “people of the
house.”
They vote for the people.
Senate




A United States Senator must be at least
35 years old.
They serve 6 year terms. Terms are
unlimited.
They have the authority to put and
individual on trial.
They are the “voice of public opinion.”
Division of Influence



Separation of Powers
A key principle for the government that
divides power among the three branches
of government.
Each branch has its own specific power or
job.
Supreme Law of the Land
The
Constitution
Judicial Review


The Supreme Court has the power to
review acts of the federal government and
to cancel any acts that are
unconstitutional or violate a provision of
the Constitution.
The court case Marbury vs. Madison is
when the power of judicial review was first
asserted.
Judicial Review: Marbury vs. Madison


Outgoing President John Q. Adams had
appointed William Marbury as a justice for
Washington D.C. The incoming Secretary of
State, James Madison refused to deliver the
official papers of appointment.
Marbury complained to the Supreme Court and
Marshall (Supreme Court Justice) ruled in favor
of Madison by declaring unconstitutional part of
the Judiciary Act of 1789, an act which
established a judiciary system of courts .
Powers stated or not
stated in the Constitution





Delegated Powers – “Enumerated Powers” are
specifically spelled out in the Constitution. (Art. 1 Sec. 8)
Reserved Powers – Those powers that are reserved or
set aside specifically for the states.
Concurrent Powers – Those powers that can be
carried out by both the federal and state governments.
Denied Powers – Those powers that denied to either
the federal or state governments. (Art. 1 Sec. 9 & 10)
Implied Powers – Those powers which are authorized
by the Constitution, but not specifically stated or written
down.
The Federal System


This is the sharing of political power
between the national, state, and local
government.
These powers are called: Concurrent
Powers.
Impeachment

This process originates in the House of
Representatives in which an individual
who is an elected official of government is
brought up on formal charges of
misconduct and may need to be removed
from office.
Supreme Court Justices


There are currently 9 Supreme Court
Justices. One Chief Justice and 8
Associate Justices that make up the
Supreme Court.
These justices serve lifetime limits.
Number of years a president
can serve.


A president can only serve two four year terms.
The ONLY exception is that if the person who
gains the presidency was a Vice President who
acquired the position of President as a result of
a president’s death or failure to carry out the
terms of his office, and finished out the
debilitated president’s term.
Roles of the President





Commander in Chief
Chief of Executive Branch
Chief Diplomat
Chief Legislator
Appoints Supreme Court Justices
Power behind government

The real power of the government rests
with the:
PEOPLE
The Amendments


Part of the Constitution that was an
addition to the document to serve as a
protector of individual and states rights.
There are currently 26 Amendments.
The Amendments





1st – Freedom of speech,
religion, assembly, press
and petition.
2nd – Right to bear arms.
3rd – Quartering of
troops.
4th – Searches and
seizures.
5th – Criminal
proceedings, Due process





6th – Criminal Proceedings
7th – Civil Trials
8th – Punishment for
Crimes
9th – Unenumerated
rights
10th – Powers reserved to
the States
First Cabinet Members
Early Presidents

George Washington



Proclaimed U.S. neutrality
in the war between
England and France
As commander in chief,
sent troops to stop the
rebellion over the whiskey
tax
First political parties
formed during this
presidency


Federalists (Hamilton)
Democratic-Republicans
(Jefferson)

John Adams


Federalist
Sent representatives to
France to negotiate
problems



French officials tried to
bribe them
Referred to as the XYZ
Affair
Led to a Quasi War with
France
Sample Question
President John Adams became involved with
which U.S. foreign-policy issue in the late
1790s?
A. Purchasing the Louisiana Territory
B. Avoiding full-scale war with France ***
C. Strengthening the Monroe Doctrine
D. Arranging for the annexation of Texas
United States
History
1800 to 1865
Standards 6-9
Thomas Jefferson’s
Presidency


Sent representative to France to purchase
the port of New Orleans
Napoleon offered to sell the entire
Louisiana Territory to the U.S.

Doubled the size of U.S. territory
War of 1812



President Madison declares war on Great
Britain
Reasons: Impressment of U.S. sailors in
British navy
War helped form a
strong national identity
Monroe Doctrine



Established U.S. dominance in the western
hemisphere
European countries could not claim any
more colonies here
The U.S. would stay out of European
affairs
Sample Question

A.
B.
C.
D.
What was the importance of the Monroe Doctrine in
1823?
It reinforced tensions between pro-slavery and antislavery factions in the United States.
It authorized the creation of a permanent professional
military to defend the United States.
It established the U.S. policy of preventing other
nations from interfering in Latin America.
It proclaimed the U.S. intention of expanding it
political borders westward to the Pacific Ocean.
Answer
C
Sample Question
Use this quote to answer the question:
“British cruisers have been in the continued practice of violating the
American flag on the great highway of nations, and of seizing and
carrying off person sailing under it…”
-President James Madison,
in a message to Congress
What resulted from the actions described by President Madison in the
quotation?
A.
The beginning of the War of 1812
B.
The outbreak of the Revolutionary War
C.
The signing of the Treaty of Paris of 1783
D.
The adoption of the Articles of Confederation
Answer

A
Industrial Revolution

Eli Whitney, Inventor


Interchangeable parts: aided growth of
industry in the North
Cotton gin: aided growth of cotton as the
main cash crop of the South
Manifest Destiny

A God-given right to expand U.S. territory



1845: Texas annexation
1846: Oregon Country (divided with Britain)
1848: Mexican Cession (resulted from
Mexican War)
Reform Movements



Temperance: campaign to reduce, or
“temper” the use of alcohol
Abolition: campaign to abolish slavery
Education: effort to support the funding of
public education
Seneca Falls, NY



Women’s Rights convention
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, leading advocate
Main issue: Women’s Suffrage
Jacksonian Democracy

Expanding voting rights





Non-property owners could vote by 1828
Now all adult white males could vote
Most supported Andrew Jackson, the symbol
of the “common man”
Popular votes counted for the first time in
1828
Increased suffrage led to increased
nationalism
Sample Question
Which term BEST describes the period
during which white male suffrage greatly
expanded in the United States?
A. Manifest Destiny
B. The Enlightenment
C. The Great Awakening
D. Jacksonian Democracy
Answer:

D
North-South Divisions
Related to Westward
Expansion
Abolitionist Movement

Key abolitionists




William Lloyd Garrison
Frederick Douglass
Grimke sisters
Successful slave
rebellion led by Nat
Turner
Missouri Compromise

1819
Missouri requested admission into the Union as a slave
state
There were an even number of slave and free states
Much congressional debate
 1820

Compromise

Maine would be admitted as a free state
Missouri would be admitted as a slave state
North of 36, 30 North latitude: slavery prohibited

South of 36,30 North latitude: slavery allowed


Nullification Crisis

Attempt by South Carolina to nullify of
federal tariff in 1832.





South Carolina protested/refused to pay
Vice-President John C. Calhoun led the
protest
Threatened to secede if force was used
President Jackson ->Force Act
Henry Clay offered a compromise tariff


Tariff would gradually be lowered over a
ten year period
Increased the issue of sectionalism:
putting the interests of a region over
those of the entire nation
Mexican War

1846


U.S. declares war on Mexico over boundary dispute
U.S. wins victories in El Paso, TX; Monterrey, CA; and,
Monterrey, Mexico
Congressman David Wilmot proposes that slavery be prohibited
in any territory acquired in the war

Much congressional debate over the Wilmot Proviso; it is defeated
1847

U.S. wins victories in Buena Vista and Mexico City

1848

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo establishes boundary at Rio
Grande; gives entire southwestern territory to U.S. (Mexican
Cession)
Sample Question
The western expansion of the United States
in the early 1800s provoked a
congressional debate over the slavery
issue. Congress resolved this debate by
A. Making the Louisiana Purchase
B. Passing a constitutional amendment
C. Adopting the Missouri Compromise
D. Accepting the doctrine of nullification
Answer

C
Sample Question

A.
B.
C.
D.
Which principle of U.S. government did
the Nullification Crisis of 1832 directly
challenge?
Federalism
Judicial review
Popular sovereignty
Checks and balances
Answer
A.
Federalism
When South Carolina declared their nullification of
the federal tariff, they were challenged federal
law. No state laws, policy, or court decision
can conflict with federal law. Therefore, South
Carolina was challenging the principle of
federalism.
Causes, Main Events, and
Consequences of the
American Civil War
Compromise of 1850
1848
Gold discovered in California
1849
Thousands of people travel to California in the Gold Rush
California’s population escalates enough to apply for statehood (free
state)
1850


Much congressional debate (even number of free states and slave
states)
Compromise:




California will be a free state
Utah and New Mexico will decide slavery by popular sovereignty
Slave trade is abolished in Washington, D.C.
A stronger Fugitive Slave Law is passed to satisfy a pro-slavery South
Kansas-Nebraska Act


Repealed the Missouri Compromise by
reopening territory that had been closed
to slavery
Left the slavery issue to be decided by the
people who settled in those territories
(popular sovereignty)
“Bleeding Kansas”




A race to Kansas between those who
supported slavery and those who didn’t
began
Anti-slavery and pro-slavery forces fought
against each other
Two territorial legislatures will be chosen
Popular sovereignty will fail
Dred Scott Case



Dred Scott was a slave that had
been taken into free territory
After his owner died, Scott wanted
his freedom
The Supreme Court decision:




ruled that African Americans were
not citizens of the U.S.
African Americans were not free
just because they were taken into
free territories by their owners
Laws like the Missouri
Compromise were unconstitutional
Congress could not deny slave
owners from taking slaves into the
western territories because they
were property under the 5th
Amendment
John Brown




A staunch abolitionist
Had committed five murders of pro-slavery
people in Pottawatomie, Kansas in 1856
In 1859, he raided a federal arsenal in Harper’s
Ferry, VA, in an attempt to arm a slave
resurrection
He was captured, charged with treason, and
executed by hanging for his crimes
Civil War Leaders

North/Union


President: Abraham Lincoln
Generals:


Ulysses S. Grant –
defeated Lee and ended
the war
William T. Sherman –
capture the railroad city of
Atlanta, GA and led a
destructive march through
Georgia

South/Confederacy


President: Jefferson Davis
Generals:


Robert E. Lee –
commander the Army of
Northern Virginia;
successfully won defensive
battles against the Union,
but lost both attempts at
offensive battles
“Stonewall” Jackson –
Lee’s right-hand man;
helped him win many
victories against the Union
Civil War Battles





Fort Sumter (April, 1861) – where the Civil War began
Antietam (August, 1862) – Lee’s first attempt to fight an offensive
battle and first one outside the Confederacy; he lost
Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863) – Lee’s second attempt to fight an
offensive battle; the turning point of the war; Lee would never
recover from this loss
Vicksburg – “the nail that held the two halves of the Confederacy
together” (Davis); located on the Mississippi River, it fail to Union
control on July 4, 1863; the Union had control of the Mississippi
Atlanta (September, 1864) – the main rail center of the southeast
captured by General Sherman and where he began his March to the
Sea
Emancipation
Proclamation




After the Battle of Antietam, President Lincoln
announced he would issue his proclamation on January
1, 1863 if the Confederacy did not surrender
January 1, 1863, Lincoln announced the he was freeing
the slaves who were still in the states that continue to
fight the Union
The Union army had a new purpose for fighting the war:
they would free all slaves as they moved through the
states at war with them
Slaves in states still in the Union were not freed by the
Emancipation Proclamation, but will be freed by the 13th
Amendment
Economic Disparity between
the North and the South
Sample Question
Which factor provided a military advantage during
the U.S. Civil War?
A.
Over 80% of the nation’s factories existed in
the North
B.
Southern merchant ships outnumbered those
controlled by the North
C.
Seventy percent of U.S. railroad tracks existed
in the southern territory.
D.
The North made an alliance with France to
receive troops and other aid to fight the South.
Answer
A
European nations essentially remained neutral
throughout the course of the U.S. Civil War. The
North possessed more merchant ships than the
South, as well as the majority of railroad tracks.
The North was far more industrialized than the
South. Northern factories gave the Union a
powerful military advantage.
