Transcript Chapter 6:
Chapter 10 Review of Human Systems Anatomy and Physiology Objectives Discuss importance of human anatomy related to paramedic practice Describe anatomical position Interpret anatomical terms List structures of the axial and appendicular skeleton Define division of the abdomen List the three major body cavities and their contents 2 Objectives Discuss functions of cellular structures Describe cellular reproduction Differentiate between body tissue types Label and list functions of body organs Label and list functions of special senses 3 Fun Games University of Minnesota Web Anatomy Anatomy Arcade http://msjensen.cehd.umn.edu/webanatomy/ http://anatomyarcade.com/ McGraw Hill http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072351136/student_view0/a_p_arcade.html 4 UW School of Medicine IME Video Library http://videos.med.wisc.edu/ 5 Terminology Anatomical position 6 Terminology Supine Prone On back, face up On stomach, face down Lateral recumbent On side 7 Anatomical Planes Sagittal plane Transverse plane Vertical left and right sides horizontal top and bottom halves Frontal plane coronal front and back 8 Body Regions Appendicular Extremities Axial Head, neck, thorax, abdomen 9 Body Regions Abdominal region KNOW THE ORGANS IN EACH QUADRANT 10 Thoracic, Abdominal, Pelvic Cavities 11 cell: Eukaryotes ~ nucleus 12 Cells Most basic unit of life Composed of protoplasm living contents of cell surrounded by plasma membrane Main parts of human cells Cytoplasmic membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus 13 Cytoplasm and Organelles Cytoplasm gel-like Organelles Functional structures 14 Cells Endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Mitochondria Centrioles Nucleus Nucleolus Chromatin granules 15 cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane Nucleus Ribosome formation Ribosomes protein synthesis (DNA) Nucleoli regulates movement into and out of cell synthesize protein Endoplasmic Reticulum rough: protein smooth: lipid and carb synthesis 16 Mitochondria Lysosomes cell reproduction Cilia synthesize carbs, bind with protein packages product as globules of glycoprotein Centrioles Digestive system Golgi apparatus (complex) powerhouse movement (hair-like) flagella movement (tail-like) 17 Cell Functions Movement Conductivity Metabolic absorption Secretion Excretion Respiration Reproduction 18 Cell Reproduction Human cells (except sex cells) reproduce by mitosis Division throughout life Some divide until near time of birth Epithelial cells Liver cells Bone marrow cells Nerve cells Skeletal muscle cells Apoptosis: Cell death 19 Tissues Epithelial Connective Seven subgroups cells with matrix Muscle Classified by shape and arrangement of cells continuous sheet of cells Skeletal, cardiac, smooth Nerve Neurons, neuroglia 20 How is your tissue like a house? 21 Organ Systems Organ two or more tissues organized to perform a more complex function than one tissue alone can accomplish System Group of organs perform a more complex function than any one organ alone can accomplish 11 major organ systems in the human body 22 Body Systems 23 Integumentary System Largest organ system Functions Protection against injury Prevention of dehydration Defense against infection Aid in temperature regulation 24 Integumentary System Epidermis Dermis Hair Nails Glands 25 Integumentary System Superficial Thorax and Abdomen (8.00 minutes) http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1250 2.26 Dermal Layers SC tissue Nerves Anatomic Landmarks 6.20 Lymph Nodes 26 Skeletal System Bones short bones longs bones flat bones 27 skeletal system Connective tissues Cartilage Tendons Ligaments 28 Axial Skeleton Skull 28 bones Hyoid bone 29 Vertebral column Axial Skeleton 26 bones 5 regions 7 cervical vertebrae 12 thoracic vertebrae 5 lumbar vertebrae 1 sacral bone 5 fused vertebrae 1 coccygeal bone 5 fused vertebrae 30 Axial Skeleton—Vertebral Column 31 Thoracic Cage Protects organs Prevents collapse of thorax 12 rib pairs Sternum 3 components 32 Abdominal wall, Back Muscles, & Spinal Cord ~ 24.40 http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1251 Pectoralis muscle Ribs, Intercostals Spaces 10.30: Back and Vertebral columns 33 Appendicular Skeleton Bones of the upper and lower extremities and their girdles Pectoral girdle Scapula and clavicle Attaches upper limbs to the axial skeleton 34 Upper Extremity Humerus Radius/ulna Wrist Hand 35 Pelvic Girdle Attaches legs to trunk Coxae Acetabulum 36 Femur Longest bone Articulates with acetabulum Articulates with patella 37 Tibia Larger than fibula Supports most of leg's weight Distal end forms lateral malleolus Medial side of ankle joint 38 Fibula Does not articulate with femur Articulates with tibia Distal end forms lateral malleolus Lateral aspect of ankle joint 39 Foot Tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges Talus articulates with tibia and fibula Calcaneus 40 Biomechanics of Body Movement All bones (except hyoid) connect to at least one other bone Three major classifications of joints: Fibrous joints Cartilaginous joints Synovial joints 41 Fibrous Joints Two bones joined by fibrous tissue Little or no movement Sutures 42 Fibrous Joints Syndesmoses slightly moveable bones united by interosseous membrane Gomphoses binds teeth to bone sockets only joint where bone does not join another bone 43 Cartilaginous Joints Synchondroses Bones joined with hyaline cartilage epiphyseal growth plate in children costal cartilage Symphysis Bones joined with fibrocartilage fusion 44 Synovial Joints Contain synovial fluid Plane or gliding joints Saddle joints Hinge joints Pivot joints Ball-and-socket joints Ellipsoid joints 45 Synovial Joints 46 Types of Movement Flexion Extension 47 Types of Movement Abduction Adduction 48 Types of Movement Medial Lateral 49 Types of Movement Circumduction 50 Types of Movement Pronation Supination 51 Muscular System Primary functions of skeletal muscle: Movement Postural maintenance Heat production 52 Physiology of Skeletal Muscle Contractile cells (muscle fibers) Skeletal muscle fiber Sarcomere Thick and thin myofilaments Contractile unit of skeletal muscle Contraction process Myofilaments slide toward each other 53 Neuromuscular Junction Impulse enters muscle fibers through motor neuron Neuromuscular junction (synapse) 54 Skeletal Muscle Movement Muscle contraction pulls bone toward another across movable joint Attachment of each muscle at origin and insertion Synergists: Antagonists works in concert with other muscles works in opposite direction Prime mover move joint in particular direction agonist with synergist muscle groups 55 Skeletal Muscle Movement 56 Types of Muscle Contraction Isometric or isotonic Muscle movement often is a combination of isometric and isotonic contraction http://www.spike.com/video -clips/mktv3a/ode-to-jackiechan 57 Postural Maintenance Muscle tone Keeps back and legs straight Head upright Abdomen flat 58 Heat Production Chemical reaction Breakdown of ATP during muscle contraction results in some energy loss as heat Largely responsible for normal body temperature Shivering 59 Nervous System Major regulatory and coordinating system Rapidly transmits information from one body area to another 60 Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain Spinal cord Continuous with each other 61 Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Nerves Ganglia 43 pairs of nerves form PNS 12 pairs from brain 31 pairs from spinal cord Afferent division Efferent division http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wLrhYzdbbpE&feature=related 62 Autonomic Nervous System Transmits action potentials from CNS to Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle Certain glands http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YFYRosjcVuU 63 Central Nervous System Brain and spinal cord 64 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=snO68aJTOpM Brain Stem http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQetOVB_VZo Medulla, pons, and midbrain Connects spinal cord to brain 65 Medulla Inferior portion of brain stem Pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts Regulates: Heart rate Blood vessel diameter Breathing Swallowing Vomiting Coughing Sneezing 66 Pons Relays information from cerebrum to cerebellum Sleep center Respiratory center Helps control breathing 67 Midbrain (Mesencephalon) Smallest region of brain stem Involved in Audio pathways in the CNS Visual reflexes Helps regulate coordination of motor activities and muscle tone 68 Reticular Formation A group of nuclei scattered throughout the brain stem Part of reticular activating system Involved in sleep-wake cycle and in maintaining consciousness 69 Diencephalon Between brain stem and cerebrum Thalamus and hypothalamus http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8eJcHefMSiI 70 Thalamus Largest portion of diencephalon Receives sensory input Relays impulses to cerebral cortex Influences mood, general body movements Strong emotions 71 Hypothalamus Major controller “Gatekeeper" to cerebrum Active in Emotions Hormonal cycles Sexual activity Temperature regulation 72 Cerebrum Largest portion of brain Right and left hemispheres Each hemisphere divided into lobes 73 Cerebrum Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hIo6ck75EZc&feature=related 74 Limbic System Portions of cerebrum and diencephalon Influences: Emotions (and visceral responses) Motivation Mood Sensations of pain and pleasure 75 Cerebellum Second largest part of brain Major functions Motor coordination Compares impulses from motor cortex with those from moving structures Compares intended movement with actual movement Responsible for precise movements 76 Spinal Cord Location and function Dorsal root Ventral root Spinal ganglia Primary reflex center 77 Meninges http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1liTxUxT9xQ&feature=related 78 Peripheral Nervous System Collects information from inside body and body surface Relays information by afferent fibers to CNS Relays information by efferent fibers from CNS to various parts of body 79 Cranial Cavity IME Videos http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1269 25:55 minutes 80 Spinal Nerves First pair exits between skull and first cervical vertebrae Spinal nerves in sacrum exit the bone 8 pairs exit in cervical region 12 pairs exit in thoracic region 5 pairs in lumbar region 5 pairs in sacral region 1 pair in coccygeal region 81 Dermatomes Spinal nerves (except C1) have specific cutaneous sensory distribution Dermatome: Skin surface area supplied by single spinal nerve 82 Cranial Nerve Functions Sensory Somatomotor Proprioception Parasympathet ic http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1NYFedWKAGI&feature=fvsr 83 Autonomic Nervous System Afferent neurons Efferent neurons Somatomotor neurons 84 Autonomic Nervous System 85 Endocrine System Hormones Dissolved in blood plasma Quickly distributed throughout the body http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HrMi4GikWwQ 86 Circulatory System Blood functions Blood components Plasma (55%) Formed elements (45%) Erythrocytes (red blood cells) Leukocytes (white blood cells) Thrombocytes (platelets) 87 Anatomy of the Heart Muscular pump Two atria Two ventricles Cone shaped Size of a closed fist 88 89 90 Thorax (26.41) http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1253 Lungs, pleura Heart and pericardium 91 Anatomy of the Heart In mediastinum In pericardial cavity 2/3 of mass lies left of midline of sternum Pericardium Coronary vessels 92 Coronary Vessels Aorta Pulmonary trunk Right and left coronary arteries 93 Heart Chambers and Valves Interatrial septum Interventricular septum Atrioventricular (AV) valves Tricuspid valve Mitral (bicuspid) valve Semilunar valves Aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves 94 Conduction System of the Heart Sinoatrial node Atrioventricular node Bundle of His Purkinje fibers http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bxKBQqe_Bo0 95 Normal Conduction Sequence of normal impulse conduction SA node Both atria AV node Bundle of His Purkinje fibers Both ventricles http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=riUAFkV7HCU&feature=related 96 Blood Flow through the Heart 97 Peripheral Circulation Flow of blood Ventricles Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venous system Thinner, less elastic than arteries 98 Capillary Network Blood supply to capillaries by arterioles Blood flows to venules Flow regulated by precapillary sphincters Function Nutrient and waste exchange 99 Arteries and Veins Walls have three layers of elastic tissue (except capillaries and venules) Tunica intima Tunica media (inner layer) (middle layer) Tunica adventitia (outer layer) 100 Types of Arteries Conducting arteries Distributing arteries Large and elastic Small to medium size Arterioles Smallest 101 Venules Similar structure to capillaries Collect blood from capillaries Transport blood to small veins Nutrient exchange occurs across venule walls 102 Veins Walls are layer of smooth muscle cells Medium and large veins carry blood to venous trunks and then to heart Large veins have valves Allow blood to flow to but not from the heart 103 Arteriovenous Anastomoses AV shunts Allow blood flow from arteries to veins without passing through capillaries Natural AV shunts Pathological shunts 104 Pulmonary Circulation Blood from right ventricle is pumped into pulmonary trunk Bifurcates into right and left pulmonary arteries Transports blood to respective lungs After exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide: Two pulmonary veins exit each lung and enter the left atrium 105 Systemic Circulation Blood enters left heart from pulmonary veins Blood passes through left atrium into left ventricle and then into aorta From aorta, blood is pumped throughout the body 106 Arteries of Systemic Circulation Aorta Coronary arteries Arteries to the head and neck Arteries of the upper and lower limbs Thoracic aorta and its branches Abdominal aorta and its branches Arteries of the pelvis 107 Veins of Systemic Circulation Coronary veins Veins of the head and neck Veins of the upper and lower limbs Veins of the thorax Veins of the abdomen and pelvis Veins of the hepaticportal system 108 Lymphatic System Considered part of circulatory system Carries fluid away from tissues Components Functions Maintain fluid balance Absorb fats Role in immune system 109 Posterior Thorax Posterior Thorax (21.07) http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1254 110 Airway Anatomy Upper airway Above glottis Lower airway Below glottis 111 Pharynx Nasopharynx Uppermost part of airway Behind nasal cavities Nasal septum Vestibule Olfactory membranes Sinuses 112 Pharynx Oropharynx Begins at level of uvula Extends to epiglottis Opens into oral cavity 113 Pharynx Laryngopharynx Tip of epiglottis to glottis and esophagus Mucous membrane lining to protect internal surfaces 114 Larynx Three functions Air passageway Prevents solids and liquids from entering respiratory tree Speech production 115 Larynx Nine cartilages Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Only complete cartilaginous ring in larynx Epiglottis Hyoid bone Cricothyroid membrane 116 Larynx Vestibular folds False vocal cords Vocal cords True vocal cords 117 Mouth and Pharynx http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1272 Start at 13.15 13.15: Pharynx, innervations of cranial nerves 19.30: pharynx: nasal, oral, laryngeal 28.30: Submandibular Triangle: Hypoglossal Cranial nerve 32.30: Nasopharynx Nasal Cavity and Larynx (10.43) http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1273 7:00: Larynx 118 Lower Airway Structures Trachea Bronchial tree Primary bronchi Secondary bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs 119 Pulmonary Surfactant Thin film that coats alveoli Prevents alveoli from collapsing 120 Lungs Respiration Attached to heart by pulmonary arteries and veins Separated by mediastinum Bases of lungs rest on diaphragm Apex extends 2.5 cm above clavicles 121 Pleural Cavity Pleural cavity surrounds each lung Two layers (visceral and parietal) Pleural space 122 Digestive System Provides body with water, electrolytes, and nutrients Specialized to Ingest food Propel food through GI tract Absorb nutrients Functions Components 123 Peritoneal Cavity (24.48) http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1255 6.35: tour of abdominal organs 9.58: Testes, ovaries, hernia pathways 20.15: Inguinal triangle Blood supply http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/6875 124 Stomach Storage and mixing area Secretes mucus Gastric gland secretes: Hydrochloric acid Intrinsic factor Gastrin Pepsinogen 125 Small Intestine Secretes mucus, electrolytes, water Lubricates and protects intestinal walls Mixes, propels chyme Absorbs fluid and nutrients 126 Liver Secretes 600-1000 mL bile per day Dilutes stomach acid Emulsifies fat Role in Iron metabolism Plasma-protein production Detoxification of drugs Glucose metabolism 127 Gallbladder Stores bile Stimulated to contract by Cholecystokinin Secretin Excretes bile into small intestine 128 Pancreas Exocrine gland Pancreatic juice Amylase Sodium bicarbonate Other digestive enzymes Endocrine gland Insulin Glucagon 129 Large Intestine Absorption of water and salts Secretion of mucus Microorganism actions Vitamin K Nutrient release and absorption Conversion of chyme Defecation through anus 130 Posterior Abdominal Wall (10.08) http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1256 131 Urinary System Helps maintain: Homeostasis Constant body fluid volume and composition Control of RBC production Vitamin D metabolism 132 Kidneys On either side of vertebral column Outer cortex and inner medulla Nephron Basic functional unit of kidney 133 Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra Ureters Urinary bladder Male urinary bladder 134 Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra Urethra In males, extends to end of penis, where it opens to outside In females, much shorter urethra Opens into vestibule anterior to vaginal opening Male urinary bladder 135 Urine Production Filtration Reabsorption Secretion 136 Urine Regulation Controlled by: Hormonal mechanisms Autoregulation Sympathetic nervous system stimulation 137 Hormonal Mechanisms Aldosterone Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Atrial natriuretic factor Prostaglandins and kinins 138 Autoregulation Kidneys can regulate stable filtration rate over a wide range of blood pressures Large increases in arterial pressure increase rate of urine production Decreases in arterial pressure decrease urine production 139 Sympathetic Nervous System Stimulation Sympathetic neurons innervate blood vessels of the kidney Decreased renal blood flow may result from Severe stress Intense exercise Circulatory shock 140 Male Reproductive System Testes Epididymis Ductus deferens Urethra Seminal vesicles Prostate gland Bulbourethral glands Scrotum Penis 141 Female Reproductive System Ovaries Fallopian tubes Uterus Vagina External genitalia Mammary glands 142 Ovaries Ovaries are attached to broad ligament (mesovarium) Other ovarian ligaments Suspensory ligament Ovarian ligament 143 Ovaries Ovarian arteries, veins, and nerves traverse the suspensory ligament Enter the ovary through mesovarium Dense outer portion (cortex) Looser inner portion (medulla) Ovarian follicles Each contains an oocyte Distributed throughout cortex 144 Uterine Tubes Ducts for the ovaries Open directly into the peritoneal cavity to receive the oocyte 145 Uterus Size and shape of a pear Fundus Cervix 146 External Genitalia (Vulva) Vestibule and surrounding structures Labia minora Clitoris Labia majora Clinical perineum Area between vagina and anus 147 Mammary Glands Milk production Lactiferous duct divides to form smaller ducts Forms secretory sacs that secrete milk during nursing 148 Special Senses Provide brain with information about outside world Include: Smell Taste Sight Hearing and balance 149 Olfactory Sense Organs Receptors lie in upper nasal cavity Impulses are interpreted by brain as odors 150 Taste Taste receptors Taste buds 151 Visual System Eyes Accessory structures Optic nerve, tract, and pathways Second cranial nerve (optic nerve) Third cranial nerve (oculomotor nerve) 152 Orbit (11.21) http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1270 153 Anatomy of the Eye Sclera Cornea Vascular tunic Iris Retina Compartments of the eye Anterior chamber Posterior chamber 154 Compartments of the Eye Anterior chamber Aqueous humor Helps regulate intraocular pressure Refracts light Provides nutrition Posterior chamber Vitreous humor Helps regulate intraocular pressure 155 Accessory Structures Conjunctiva Lacrimal gland 156 Hearing and Balance External ear Middle ear Inner ear 157 Ear (5.27) http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1271 158 Conclusion The paramedic must thoroughly understand human anatomy to organize a patient assessment by body region and to communicate effectively with medical direction and other members of the health care team. 159 Questions? 160