Transcript Document

Deliverable 6: Grounded Innovation Map
Grounded Innovation Map: Contents
• Introduction
– Relation to other WP2
deliverables
– Methodology: How was it
created?
– Purpose: what’s its status?
– Function: A bridge to
design and other artefacts
• Content
– “Things”
– “Space”
– “People”
– “Time”
• Future Directions
– Fieldwork illustrations
– Innovation points
– Use & extension of map
• Conclusions
Introduction
Relation to other WP2 deliverables
Workpackage 2
Understanding the experience of media intimacy in the domestic environment
D2, D3
D6, D8
Previous Studies
New studies for MIME
D2: Analysis of previous
studies
Analysis of previous studies
of the home and relevant
literature
D3: Translation to design
objectives
Consideration of ethnographic
material relative to the
fundamental objectives of
MIME regarding intimate
media
D6: Grounded
Innovation Map
Interim results from
new MIME field
studies which have
been analysed and
translated to a map for
design purposes
D8: Analysis of MIME
studies
Accumulated results of
ethnography delivered in a
form relevant to other
workpackages
Methodology: How was it created?
Ethnomethodology
(ways people order the world)
Field studies
(ethnographic accounts)
Technological
inspiration
Ethnographer
D6: Grounded
Design Map
MIME
vision
Initial Design
Concepts
(brainstorming &
scenarios)
Iterative process
(opportunities)
• Built bottom up from both field
study instances and from
design/technological concepts
• Reorganised/recategorised top
down.
• An articulating mechanism
which is continually revised as
new material is brought in.
Designer
Summary of
research and
analysis of
initial concepts
Need for coherent
articulation of domain
issues
Purpose
Visitor’s
artefacts
Selection
Provenance
Pattern /
Order
Time
Things
Lifecycle
Home /
Intimate Media
ethnography
People
Affect
Investment
Proximity
(ordering
methods)
Place
(order)
Membership
MAP
•
design
Space
v7
a communication mechanism
– a point of articulation between design and ethnography
– not an artefact of either discipline
•
used for:
– a way of finding what’s novel in the research
– made particular through reference to instances in the fieldwork
– a way of presenting the spread (across this domestic/intimate space) of a
particular scenario / point instance
Status of the map
•
a heuristic
– no truth claim, its verification/validation is in its use
– purpose-specific, adequate to its task
•
a moving target
– being continually revised and re-annotated
•
It is not intended to be self sufficient.
It does not contain everything needed to understand it. Rather, it is:
– mnemonic, a way of remembering details
– articulatory, a way of occasioning particular ethnographic accounts /
recollections for debriefing
– organising, a way of providing coherent and interesting cuts on the
ethnographic data and building towards a collective (purposeful)
understanding of the domestic/intimate space
Relation to other methodological artefacts
Understanding
the domain
Inspiring (& grounding)
the design
Visitor’s
artefacts
Selection
Provenance
Pattern /
Order
Time
ethnography
Things
framing
questions
designers’
questions
design
Space
Affect
Investment
Proximity
(ordering
methods)
Place
(order)
Membership
MAP
domains,
activities
Lifecycle
Home /
Intimate Media
People
v7
design
dimensions
design
guidelines
Relation to other methodological artefacts
•
Domains, activities
–
•
•
Framing questions / Designers questions
–
While ethnography does not impose a pre-existing theory and is non-presumptive as to what
will be found, neither is it aimless, but rather studies start with framing questions.
–
When doing ethnography in a dialogue with design for the purpose of innovation, an effective
iterative method is to use designers’ questions to fold back into the ongoing study.
Design Dimensions
–
•
Ethnography is the study of activities within domains and consequently the choice of which
activities and domains has a practical impact.
Through creating and working with the map, dimensions along which groupings are
differentiated may be identified. Again the status of these dimensions is as potentially useful for
design, rather than universal ontologies or implicit categories of the world. Capturing and
articulating these dimensions may have value beyond a particular design exercise and is a
stepping stone to design guidelines and innovation.
Design Guidelines (Deliverable 12)
–
Design guidelines attempt to encapsulate a key finding of the domain in a prescriptive form
(they are not strictly rules, but do point to areas where to break the guideline should occasion
considerable thought and explicit justification).
Examples of framing questions
• What do we know about the nature of domestic life?
• What makes home different from other places?
• Where do you find ‘intimate media’?
• What is ‘intimacy’?
• What do ‘intimate media’ and ‘intimacy’ look like in the
real world?
• What kind of phenomena are we talking about designing
for?
• Are our presuppositions correct?
Examples of Activities in the domestic domain
•
reminiscing
•
being together
•
decorating
•
"rearranging" (e.g. rearranging rooms/furniture when new baby arrives)
•
keeping in touch (both with extended members of family and co-residents)
•
parenting
•
having a lodger
•
throwing stuff out
•
having a spring clean
•
keeping things for later
•
having a meal
•
collecting
•
daily routine
•
greetings and departures
Examples of designer’s questions
(reframed in ethnographically-studiable terms)
•
How do people do ‘making it mine’? and How do they do ‘treating it as yours’?
•
How do people do adding and augmenting to what they’ve already got? And How do
they do ‘replacing’ what they’ve got?
•
How do people orient to certain spaces for the doing of certain activities? And How do
people do adapting those spaces for the doing of other things? (and for the purposes of
what?)
•
What devices do people use in their homes? To what ends and in what circumstances?
•
What do people do to make things go together coherently (i.e. what are the situated
logics of assembly?)?
•
How do people do orienting to artefacts (as opposed to other people)? And How do
people achieve the very artefactal status of those things? (and for the purposes of
what?)
•
How do people go about configuring things? To what ends? And How is that
occasioned?
and more…
Example of design dimensions*
Something that comes up in several places: sorting/sedimentation/framing.
This is clearly a continuum of different activities. There are two key “dimensions” which are
interesting from a design / user arch. perspective
attended-to
(explicit/marked)
sorting
side-effect
explicit ordering as an
attended-to activity
keeping things
sorted for use
sedimentation
things gain an order
because of the way in
which they are used
things are used and
the result is available
for “reading”
putting things together to
get a collective meaning –
also covers
contiguity/proximity
framing
* work in progress towards
deliverable 12
Content
Map Overview
Home / Intimate Media
Time
Things
Home /
Intimate Media
People
Space
Map Overview
Selection
Ownership
Provenance
Pattern /
Order
Time
Things
Lifecycle
Home /
Intimate Media
People
Space
Affect
Ordering
methods
(e.g. Proximity)
Shared /
unshared
Investment,
maintenance
Displaying
group
membership
Order in
topological
space (Place)
Map categorisation
Things
•
Categories: Map categories are heuristic
– there is no assertion of universality or ontology for
these categories
Lifecycle
sort /
collect /
arrange
– they are deliberately purpose-specific, in that they
are chosen to be useful to design: e.g. inspiration,
constructive insight, reminders, correctives
keeping
things in
order
– they should not be seen as an attempt to make a
comprehensively exhaustive analysis in terms of
mutually exclusive categories.
•
Terms: The terms used are intended to be suggestive
rather self-explanatory or a definitive sense.
•
Levels: Grouping the categories is intended to convey a
sense of increasing specificity (as loosely indicated by the
colour/style hierarchy)
Things
souvenirs
my artefacts in
other’s houses
borrowing
makedo
hand
me
down
fun/transient
obligation
gifts
building
swapping
finding
trading
nicking
(stealing)
Provenance
taking
objects
with you
my artefacts
when visiting
shared vs
personal
accumulative
evolving
purchases
augment
replacement
join, link
politeness
visitor’s
artefacts
Ownership
Lifecycle
sort /
collect /
arrange
lost, stolen,
borrowed
Time
Things
throwing away
Home /
Intimate Media
People
Space
filing
keep /
throw
away
keeping
things in
order
keeping for
someone else
keeping
About Things
Things
• Provenance
Provenance
–
Where things come from is of importance to how things are oriented to (sci. intimacy) and
what stories and activities are occasioned around them.
–
How do things arrive into the home, and how are they integrated into the home?
–
How much / how long is their provenance still available to residents of the home?
–
How much is provenance of a personal object shared amongst home residents?
• Lifecycle
Lifecycle
–
•
Things in the home are not static, but rather their use evolves over time – they are placed in
collections, they are used (or used up), they are augmented and changed, they are sorted and
kept and (occasionally) cleared out and thrown away..
Ownership
Ownership
–
Not all items in the home are owned equally by all. People arrive in your house with their own
artefacts. A new item in the home may be a genuine new item of this home, or it may only be a
visiting item with the politeness paid to guests, and the restricted access allowed to guests.
–
Thus it is important to note that any system of organisation has to pay attention to ownership
Time
Things
Space
Home /
Intimate Media
People
Space
Ordering
methods
(e.g. Proximity)
ad hoc
usages
inertia (habit)
Order in
topological
space (Place)
centre on
place
overload
containment
noticeable
dedicate,
assign
“done in
doing”
unremarkable
continually
recreated
tacit
gradient of
intimacy
“gross
semantics of
place” / shared
local
understanding
About Space
Space
•
Order in
topological
Order
in topological
space
(Place)
space (Place)
– The space of the home is not simply Cartesian (physical coordinations),
but more topological (e.g. rooms). Within that topology, there is a
socially-significant semantics:
• whose space, the purpose of this place, the difference of this place from that place,
limitations of access to places (a gradient of intimacy*)
• at the room level and within it there are further local and smaller-scale semantics (e.g.
this corner, the shelf with my videos, this box)
•
Ordering
methods
Ordering
(e.g. Proximity)methods
(e.g. Proximity)
– Additionally space in the home is used as both an order and an ordering
device
• Arranging things in space is a deeply fundamental method for making sense of and
organising the world.
• The order of place can be a backdrop and a resource for action, activities and living.
*
The term and initial observation comes originally from A Pattern Language
§127, Christopher Alexander et al (1977, New York: Oxford University Press)
crying
(respect
for)
privacy
us/them
Time
Displaying
emotion
People
Things
Home /
Intimate Media
People
Space
boundaries,
access
from the inside
/ from the
outside
understood /
not understood
product of
membership
Shared meaning
symbols
unmarked
Displaying group
membership
invitations
remark-able
the work of
membership
sharing
customisations
recipientdesigned
Investment,
maintenance
telling
stories /
jokes
obligation
keeping in
touch
newsletters
lost/absent
friends
performing
membership
engaging in
intimacy/membership
finding-out,
catching-up
remotely
news
catching up
house
book
institutional
round robin
About People
People
meaning
• Shared
Shared
meaning
–
•
whether meanings are shared or unshared is a critical element of an understanding of intimate
media and contribute to “what makes a house a home”.
Displaying group
Displaying
group membership
membership
–
Group membership can have a definitional role for oneself and how you are perceived by
others
–
The display of group membership for self and others in the home can be a form of intimate
media
Investment,
• maintenance
Investment/Maintenance
– Relationships with others requires investment / maintenance (Activities such as keeping in
touch, or catching up. - telephoning, writing a letter or a newsletter, passing on jokes). These
relationships can also have an obligational character
–
•
Some activities can be viewed purely as “engaging in intimacy” rather than something as
explicit as catching up
Displaying
Displaying
emotion emotion
–
Emotion has clear relevance to the concept of intimate media, but one should note that the
significance of an emotional display is interpreted by people. Counterexample can reveal this
(such as parents judging that a child is “just putting it on”)
Time
gatherings
birthdays,
weddings,
private events
christmas, etc. –
public events
for objects/rooms
for people
(bounded)
episodes
constantly recreate
(customisations)
traces/records
(calendar)
events
Selection
planning,
coordinating
anticipations
/ predictions
looking
forward
day-to-day
routines
Pattern /
Order
Time
know other’s
coordination and
awareness
Things
Home /
Intimate Media
mundane /
gross / shared
People
Space
About Time
Time
Pattern /
•OrderPattern/Order
– Patterns and orders of time have great significance in the home. Orienting to time
can be on the basis of regularity and tacitness.
•
Individuals’ routines are complemented by an awareness of others’ routines. Indeed, this is often central
to “living together.”
•
Awareness of routines are often tacit, while many kinds of episode are on the contrary explicitly
attended to and carefully demarcated (e.g. a child leaving the house), within an overall routine.
•
One-off (or calendar) events have a different shape again, being neither part of the foreground
(episodes) nor background (routine) of daily life, but instead defining themselves against the backdrop of
daily life
• Selection
Selection
– Another element of time with significance for the home as an intimate media
environment is that through selection, some events in the past or future are given
more here-and-now relevance. This can be either through:
•
Trace/Records: some impacts of the past can be seen through involuntary (traces) and others through
more purposeful marks (records) which have lasted to the present.
•
Anticipations, predictions and preparations for the future
Future Directions
Fieldwork illustrations
• Ethnographic input has already been a key driver behind the
production of the map in total. Here, the exercise is one of illustrating
points in the map through specific fieldwork material.
– Not every fieldwork observation/instance will have an attached image or video,
however for the purposes of this deliverable, we have chosen a few instances with
a photographic record.
• Field work instances are most likely relevant to multiple places on the
map (and conversely places on the map might draw on multiple
instances). However we’ve tried to give examples which place field
work at one location where it is likely to be of impact.
(Tr) Sorting post-it
notes
takes work to
make
available
– a relevant instance from fieldwork
(brackets indicate site)
– an ethnographic reference (mnemonic)
Instances from Fieldwork: Things
souvenirs
(Printers) Borrowed
Tools, CDs
my artefacts in
other’s houses
borrowing
(MC) fridge
magnets
makedo
hand
me
down
(WD) Sun-object
gift from wife
(MC) letter
opener
fun/transient
obligation
gifts
building
swapping
finding
trading (Web designer)
Provenance
(MC) Workmen taking calls
in MC’s house
Gifts of Jam
(MC) Electrician leaving
coat hanger
taking
objects
with you
my artefacts
when visiting
shared vs
personal
accumulative
nicking
purchases
evolving
(Tr) New
computer
sitting next to
couch
augment
replacement
politeness
join, link
(MC)
replacement
loo-seat
visitor’s
artefacts
(Tr) Sorting post-it
notes
Ownership
Lifecycle
throwing away
(MC) Fireplace removed
from living room
filing
(MC) Prize of a
holiday
(MC) bookshelf near desk
sort /
collect /
arrange keeping
(Tr)Dictionaries
things in
order
lost, stolen,
borrowed
Things
(MC) Sorting the
post
keep /
throw
away
keeping for
someone else
(WD)jokes for wife
keeping
(Tr) love poem
(Tr) Arrangements
of photos
Sun object
–
At least a part of how people orient to things has to do with their provenance, with some
things being gifts which it is an obligation to keep –
a husband toys with an object he has been given by his wife then puts it back on his
desk, but how would it be if he were to pick it up and toss it in the bin, or to kiss it fondly
Instances from Fieldwork: Space
Space
Ordering
methods
(e.g. Proximity)
ad hoc
usages
inertia (habit)
Order in
topological
space (Place)
centre on
place
overload
containment
noticeable
(?) Queues
(Tr) knocking down
and picking up
photo
“done in
doing”
unremarkable
continually
recreated
dedicate,
assign
(Tr) work video
collection in work
area, domestic
video collection
next to VCR
(upstairs)
(Tr) Taking different
phone calls in
different parts of the
house (e.g. music /
piano)
tacit
gradient of
intimacy
“gross
semantics of
place” / shared
local
understanding
(WD) heighboour
(accountant)
visiting
Knocking down and picking up photo
IMAGE
–
There is a certain stability to the home, and it is not continually redesigned on the grounds of
productivity. On the contrary, things can acquire an inertia and a familiar place (a “home”). At
the same time, productivity and the ability to function effectively does assert itself through
necessity (in the video (available deliverable 2), the translator repeatedly knocks over and
reinstates the photo which is in her way before eventually moving it). The distribution of
objects through the domestic space is a careful balance of different needs.
Instances from
Fieldwork: People
Time
Displaying
emotion
crying
Home /
Intimate Media
(?) child crying but
“just play acting”
(respect
for)
privacy
us/them
People
Space
boundaries,
access
from the inside
/ from the
outside
(Printers) clicking
=muslim prayer
understood /
not understood
at a glance
available
product of
membership
Shared meaning
(Tr) fiddling with ring
unmarked
(Tr) fiddling with
religious? card as
contrast to
surrounding activity
remark-able
Things
the work
of being a
(Tr) “fuck-it” button +
member
symbols
boundedness with
ethnographer
Displaying group
membership
(MC) family
website
(MC)
Chelsea
Football Club
documentary
evidences
(Garfinkel)
invitations
(Tr) receiving
invitation to art
gallery
the work of
membership
sharing
customisations
recipientdesigned
Investment,
maintenance
telling
stories /
jokes
obligation
keeping in
touch
newsletters
lost/absent
friends
performing
membership
takes work to
make
available
engaging in
intimacy/membership
(?) Reading
together
(Tr) circulating
joke to friends
(Tr) saying
goodbye
finding-out,
catching-up
remotely
news
catching up
house
book
institutional
round robin
Reading together
–
The explicit activity is one of reading, but engaging in the activity together (even just doing
the same thing close to each other) implicitly also is an investment and maintenance of the
family relationship.
Chelsea Football Club
–
The membership of this group (Chelsea supporter) is visually displayed in numerous
artefacts and collections of artefacts around the home. Such displays work for oneself and/or
others. Here these displays cross multiple media and furthermore membership is “displayed”
as a shared topic of conversation on the telephone.
Instances from Fieldwork: Time
gatherings
(MC) Carpet
replaced by BBC ->
occasions a story (cf
Souvenirs)
birthdays,
weddings,
private events
christmas, etc. –
public events
for objects/rooms
(bounded)
episodes
constantly recreate
(customisations)
(Tr) Saying goodbye
routine
for people
traces/records
(calendar)
events
Selection
planning,
coordinating
anticipations
/ predictions
looking
forward
day-to-day
routines
Pattern /
Order
Time
know other’s
coordination and
awareness
Things
Home /
Intimate Media
mundane /
gross / shared
(MC) Preparing lunch
People
(WD) Preparing lunch
Space
Saying goodbye routine
–
Everyday routines can reflect a time-based order to the day, in which intimate
occasions such as this are routinely inserted.
Innovation points
• potential connection points for WP3 for the future (To
Inform and Inspire Technological development)
– generate features for prototypes
– extend and enrich technological/design concepts
through exploring what they would mean in the light of
alternative areas of the map
– means to show coverage of existing research
– means to highlight underexplored areas in the map
collages
(public and
private)
– a design concept or area of potential
technological innovation
Things
adaptive/
empty
tool
souvenirs
my artefacts in
other’s houses
borrowing
+
communicatio
n channel
access
to
content
makedo
hand
me
down
fun/transient
obligation
gifts
building
swapping
finding
trading
Provenance
accumulative
nicking
adding the
physical to
digital
systems
evolving
taking
objects
with you
my artefacts
when visiting
shared vs
personal
purchases
augment
replacement
join, link
politeness
visitor’s
artefacts
Ownership
Lifecycle
collages
(public and
private)
sort /
collect /
arrange keeping
things in
order
lost, stolen,
borrowed
Things
early draft of innovation points
throwing away
filing
keep /
throw
away
keeping for
someone else
keeping
resistance, aging,
ripples, drag, overflow, etc
Space
Space
Ordering
methods
(e.g. Proximity)
tangible
ad hoc
usages
inertia (habit)
Order in
topological
space (Place)
centre on
place
overload
containment
noticeable
early draft of innovation points
dedicate,
assign
“done in
doing”
unremarkable
continually
recreated
tacit
gradient of
intimacy
“gross
semantics of
place” / shared
local
understanding
Displaying
emotion
crying
(respect
for)
privacy
us/them
People
People
boundaries,
access
from the inside
/ from the
outside
understood /
not understood
product of
membership
Shared meaning
symbols
unmarked
Displaying group
membership
invitations
maps
remark-able
the work of
membership
sharing
customisations
recipientdesigned
Investment,
maintenance
telling
stories /
jokes
obligation
keeping in
touch
performing
membership
engaging in
intimacy/membership
newsletters
lost/absent
friends
early draft of innovation points
finding-out,
catching-up
remotely
news
ambient
telepresence
catching up
house
book
institutional
round robin
Time
pixelate,
anonymous,
shadows, timelapse, texture
flows, random
etc
gatherings
pattern
amplifica
tion /
corruptio
n
pattern
detection
for objects/rooms
for people
(bounded)
episodes
constantly recreate
(customisations)
birthdays,
weddings,
private events
literal vs
distorted
christmas, etc. –
public events
traces/records
(calendar)
events
Selection
planning,
coordinating
anticipations
/ predictions
looking
forward
day-to-day
routines
Pattern /
Order
Time
know other’s
coordination and
awareness
early draft of innovation points
Things
Home /
Intimate Media
mundane /
gross / shared
People
Space
Use & extension of map
The map is a basis for dialog between ethnography and design,
not a substitute
•
Use of map:
– extension of design concepts (lay a concept next to a particular node in
the map)
– looking for design concepts which have a wide extension across map
– arrange design concepts against background of map
•
Extensions of map
– enlarge and deepen map from ongoing fieldwork and from ongoing
dialogue between ethnography and design/technology
– work on recurrent ordering themes and articulate as “design dimensions”
– in working with the map and design dimension extract potential design
guidelines for deliverable 12
Conclusions
Conclusions
• This grounded innovation map has been produced as a
working method to bridge between ethnography and
design. It is an artefact for evolution, as the basis for
dialogue with design and informative for technology
innovation. It lays out a map for the situation of use of
disappearing computer technologies within the domestic
environment and lays the basis for designing for a
coherent experience.