Transcript Joints - The Student-Run Anatomy 2A Webpage

Joints
Compiled by Marc Garcia
Classification
Joints can be classified:
1. Structurally
2. by their freedom of movement
3. Synovial joints can be classified by:
• Type of motion
• Range of motion
Freedom of Movement
Joints can be:
• Synarthroses
▪ immoveable
• Amphiarthroses
▪ slightly moveable
• Diarthroses
▪ freely moveable
Structural Classifications
Think:
What type of tissue is the joint
made of?
How are the two bones held
together?
Structural Classifications
Fibrous Joints
• Made of fibrous connective tissue
 collagen fibers
• Sutures
 Synarthrotic
 Sagittal suture
 Lambdoid suture
 Coronal suture
 Squamous suture
 Between palatine processes of the maxillae
Structural Classifications
Fibrous
Gomphoses
• Tooth and Alveolar socket
 Synarthrotic
 Held by the periodontal ligament
Structural Classifications
Fibrous
Syndesmoses
• Distal tibiofibular joint
 Held by interosseous ligament
 Amphiarthrotic
• Distal radioulnar
 Held by interosseous ligament
 Amphiarthrotic
Structural Classifications
Cartilaginous
Cartilaginous Joints are held together
by cartilage
• Hyaline cartilage
• Fibrocartilage
There are two kinds
• Symphyses
• Synchondroses
Structural Classifications
Cartilaginous
Symphyses
• Two bones joined by fibrocartilage
▪ Intervertebral discs
• Amphiarthrotic
▪ Pubic symphysis
• Synarthrotic in males
• Amphiarthrotic in females
Structural Classifications
Cartilaginous
Synchondroses
• A joint made of hyaline cartilage
▪ Epiphyseal plate
• Only in long bones
• Synarthrotic
▪ Costal cartilage
• Only between ribs/sternum and clavicle/sternum
• Synarthrotic
Structural Classifications
Synovial
Synovial joints
• Joined by a synovial cavity
▪ Articular cartilage covering bone ends
▪ Fibrous capsule surrounding joint
▪ Inner layer of capsule is the synovial
membrane
• Membrane secretes synovial fluid
• Membrane composed of areolar tissue
Structural Classifications
Synovial
• Some may have a meniscus
▪ Pads of fibrocartilage
▪ Absorb pressure and shock
▪ Also known as articular discs
• Some may have accessory ligaments
▪ Lie outside of capsule
• Some may have bursae
▪ Synovial-filled fluid sacs
▪ Reduce friction between muscles and
between tendons/bones
Structural Classifications
Synovial
• May be classified by
▪ Range of motion
▪ Type of motion
• Range of Motion
▪ Monaxial
▪ Biaxial
▪ Multiaxial
Structural Classifications
Synovial
• Type of motion
▪ Hinge joints
• Monaxial
• Interphalangeal, humeroulnar, humeroradial, tibiofemoral, talocrural,
atlantooccipital
▪ Pivot joints
• One bone fits into ring-like ligament
• Monaxial
• Atlantoaxial, proximal radioulnar
Structural Classifications
Synovial
• Type of motion (cont.)
▪ Gliding (plane) joints
• Flat or slightly concave/convex surfaces
• The only amphiarthrotic synovial joint
• Monaxial
• Intercarpal, intertarsal, between articular
processes of vertebrae, sternoclavicular,
patellofemoral
Structural Classifications
Synovial
• Type of motion (cont.)
▪ Saddle joint
• Two surfaces, each concave in one direction,
convex in the other.
• Biaxial
• Trapeziometacarpal I
▪ Condyloid (ellipsoid) joints
• Oval surface fits into depression in another
• Biaxial
• Radiocarpal, metacarpophalangeal
Structural Classifications
Synovial
• Type of motion (cont.)
▪ Ball-and-socket joints
• Hemispherical head fits into cup
• Multiaxial
• Humeroscapular, Coxal
Structural Classifications
Synovial
• Type of motion (cont.)
▪ Some joints are a combination
• Temporomandibular
– condyloid, hinge, and gliding
Movement of Diathroses
• Flexion
▪ Decrease the angle of a joint
▪ Like bending your elbow
▪ Ball & Socket, Condyloid, Hinge
• Extension
▪ Straightens a joint
▪ Like raising your head
▪ Ball & Socket, Condyloid, Hinge
Movement of Diathroses
• Hyperextension
▪
▪
▪
▪
Extension beyond 180 degrees
Like pushing palms back or
Like looking up at sky
Condyloid, Hinge, (Ball & Socket)
Movement of Diathroses
• Abduction
▪ Movement away from midsagittal line
▪ Like spreading fingers or legs
▪ Ball & Socket, Condyloid, (Saddle)
• Adduction
▪ Returning to midsagittal line
▪ Like putting arms down to sides
▪ Ball & Socket, Condyloid, (Saddle)
Movement of Diathroses
• Circumduction
▪
▪
▪
▪
Making a circular motion
Like rolling your head or
Making circles with your arms
Actually a combination of Flexion,
Abduction, Extension, Adduction
▪ Ball & Socket, Condyloid
Movement of Diathroses
• Opposition
▪ Moving thumb towards fingertips
▪ Give us “opposable thumbs”
• Reposition
▪ Returning thumb to original position
▪ Trapeziometacarpal (thumb) is the only
joint capable of these (Saddle)
Movement of Diathroses
• Lateral Rotation
▪
▪
▪
▪
Bone turns on a longitudinal axis
Like twisting elbow; NOT forearm!
Like twisting trunk or head
Lateral means away from midline
• Medial Rotaion
▪ Same, but medial means towards midline
▪ Ball & Socket, Pivot
Movement of Diathroses
• Supination
▪
▪
▪
▪
Twisting forearm so palm faces foward
Refers only to forearm
Like holding a “bowl of soup”
Pivot
• Pronate
▪ Twisting forearm so palm faces back
▪ Pivot
Movement of Diathroses
• Elevation
▪
▪
▪
▪
Raising vertically
Like shrugging shoulders
Temporomandibular
Sternoclvicular
• Depression
▪ Lowering vertically
▪ Same joints as above
Movement of Diathroses
• Protraction
▪ Moving forward
▪ Like jutting your jaw out
▪ Temporomandibular
• Retraction
▪ Moving towards rear
▪ Temporomandibular
Movement of Diathroses
• Lateral Excursion
▪ Moving to side away from midline
▪ Like when you bite the corner of lip
▪ Temporomandibular
• Medial Excursion
▪ Returning sideways to midline
▪ Temporomandibular
Movement of Diathroses
• Dorsiflexion
▪ Pointing foot up
▪ Like trying to walk on your heels
▪ Talocrural (Ankle)
• Plantarflexion
▪ Pointing foot down
▪ Think of pointing to “plants” on ground
▪ Talocrural (Ankle)
Movement of Diathroses
• Inversion
▪ Turning soles towards midline
▪ Think turn “in”
▪ Talocrural (Ankle)
• Eversion
▪ Turning soles towards sides
▪ Talocrural (Ankle)
Quiz
Joint
Held together Freedom of
by:
Movement
Number
of axes
Pivot
Synovial cavity
Diarthrosis
Monaxial
Rotation
Supination/Pronation
Synchondrosis
Cartilaginous
Synarthrosis
Gomphosis
Fibrous
Synarthrosis
Hinge
Synovial cavity
Diarthrosis
Monaxial
Flexion, extension,
hyperextesion
Condyloid
Synovial cavity
Diarthrosis
Biaxial
Flexion, extension,
hyperextension,
abduction, adduction,
circumduction
Suture
Fibrous
Synarthrosis
Gliding
Synovial cavity
Amphiarthrosis
Monaxial
Capable of:
Joint
Held together Freedom of
by:
Movement
Syndesmosis
Fibrous
Amphiarthrosis
Ball-andSocket
Synovial cavity
Diarthrosis
Symphysis
Cartilaginous
Synarthrosis/
Amphiarthrosis
Temporomandibular
Synovial cavity
Saddle
Ankle
(Talocrural)
Number
of axes
Capable of:
Multiaxial
Flexion, extension,
abduction, adduction,
circumduction, lateral
and medial rotation
Diarthrosis
Special
Elevation, depression,
protraction, retraction,
lateral/medial excursion
Synovial cavity
Diarthrosis
Biaxial
Opposition, reposition,
adduction, abduction
Synovial cavity
Diarthrosis
Special
Dorsiflexion,
Plantarflexion,
Inversion, Eversion
Joint
Held together Freedom of Number Type of
by:
Movement of axes Motion
Capable of:
Atlantoaxial
Synovial cavity Diarthrosis
Monaxial Pivot
Rotation
Atlantooccipital
Synovial cavity Diarthrosis
Monaxial Hinge
Flexion, extension
hyperextension
Costal
Cartilage
Synchondrosis, Synarthrosis
cartilaginous
Coxal
Synovial cavity Diarthrosis
Multiaxial
Flexion, extension,
adduction, abduct.
circumduction,
rotation
Cranial
Sutures
Sutures,
Fibrous
Distal
Syndesmoses,
radioulnar Fibrous
Synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Ball &
Socket
Joint
Held together Freedom of Number Type of
by:
Movement of axes Motion
Capable of:
Distal
tibiofibular
Syndesmosus,
Fibrous
Amphiarthrosis
Epiphyseal
Plate
Synchondrosis
Synarthrosis
Humeroradial
Synovial cavity Diarthrosis
Monaxial Hinge
Flexion, extension
Humeroulnar
Synovial cavity Diarthrosis
Monaxial Hinge
Flexion, extension
Humeroscapular
Synovial cavity Diarthrosis
Multiaxial
Flexion, extension
adduction, abduc
circumduction,
rotation
Intercarpal/ Synovial cavity AmphiIntertarsal
arthrosis
Ball &
Socket
Monaxial Gliding
Joint
Held together Freedom of Number Type of
by:
Movement of axes Motion
Interphalangeal
Synovial cavity Diarthrosis
Intervertebral
Synchondrosis, Amphiarthrosis
cartilaginous
Capable of:
Monaxial Hinge
Flexion, extension
Metacarpo- Synovial cavity Diarthrosis
phalangeal
Biaxial
Abduction,
adduction
Patellofemoral
Synovial cavity Amphiarthrosis
Monaxial Gliding
Proximal
radioulnar
Synovial cavity Diarthrosis
Monaxial Pivot
Pubic
Symphysis
Symphysis,
cartilaginous
Synarthrosis
/amphi-
Condyloid
Rotation,
pronation,
supination
Joint
Held
together by:
Freedom of Number Type of
Movement of axes Motion
Condyloid
Capable of:
Radiocarpal
Synovial
cavity
Diarthrosis
Biaxial
Flexion, extension
hyperextension,
abduction, adduc
Sternoclavicular
Synovial
cavity
Amphiarthrosis
Monaxial Gliding Elevation,
depression,
protraction,
retraction
Talocrural
Synovial
cavity
Diarthrosis
Biaxial
Hinge
Dorsiflexion,
Plantar Flexion,
Inversion,
Eversion
Temporomandibular
Synovial
cavity
Diarthrosis
Multiaxial
Condyloid,
hinge,
gliding
Elevation, depression,protraction,
retraction, lateral
and medial
excursion
Joint
Held together Freedom of Number Type of
by:
Movement of axes Motion
Tibiofemoral
Synovial cavity Diarthrosis
Tooth/
Alveolar
Socket
Gomphosis,
Fibrous
Trapeziometacarpal
Synovial cavity Diarthrosis
Articular
processes
of
vertebrae
Symphysis,
Cartilaginous
Capable of:
Monaxial Hinge
Flexion,
extension, slight
rotation
Biaxial
Opposition,
Reposition
Synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Saddle