Transcript LEGISLATION - Hodder Education

The geography of technology
Simon Oakes
Presentation
title of technology
The geography
What this presentation covers
1. Key terms and concepts.
2. How access to information and communications technology (ICT) is
increasing globally.
3. ICT and development studies.
4. ICT and conflict studies.
Presentation
title of technology
The geography
Key terms for development and conflict
Autocracy
A system of government in
which power lies mostly in
the hands of a single
individual.
Superpower
A globally dominant state
which possesses the
means to project,
influence, and protect its
own interests, anywhere in
the world.
Political development
Democracy
A system of government
under which citizens can
vote for their leaders.
Progressive changes in
the way a society is
governed, such as
universal suffrage, that
often accompany economic
development.
Presentation
title of technology
The geography
Media for digital communications
Mobile phone
(calls and SMS)
Mobile
broadband
Fixed broadband
(optical fibres)
Hardware
(PC, laptop, tablet,
smartphone,
cell phone)
Presentation
title of technology
The geography
Mobile access is increasing everywhere
Presentation
title of technology
The geography
Internet access is on the rise too
Per 100 inhabitants
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011 2012* 2013*
Active mobile-broadband subscriptions
Developed
N/A
N/A
18.5
27.5
36.6
42.9
55.1
63.3
74.8
Developing
N/A
N/A
0.8
1.6
3.0
4.4
8.2
13.3
19.8
World
N/A
N/A
4.0
6.3
9.0
11.3
16.6
22.1
29.5
Fixed (wired)-broadband subscriptions
Developed
12
15
18
21
22
24
25
26
27
3
4
4
5
5
6
3
4 find5
6
Can
you
http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx
evidence of
technological
‘leap-frogging’?
7
8
8
9
10
Developing
World
1
2
2
Presentation
title of technology
The geography
Development change: ICT can boost HDI
•
Average
income
Mobile phones can help raise
income for farmers (they can
Average
years of
attending
school
find out what their crops are
really worth at market).
•
Distance learning opens new
education opportunities e.g.
Life
expectancy
MOOCs (massive open online
courses).
•
Mobile phones allow remote
diagnostic for improved health
HDI
https://novoed.com/mhealth/r
eports/52067
Presentation
title of technology
The geography
Using ICT to meet the MDG targets
Can you
suggest a way
in which
greater access
to mobiles
and/or internet
access could
help each MDG
to be met?
Presentation
title of technology
The geography
ICT and political development
•
The uprisings in Egypt and Tunisia during 2011 are sometimes described as
the Facebook revolution. Movements against the regimes of Mubarak and
Ben Ali, respectively, were organised online.
•
The television station Al-Jazeera, based in Qatar, also helped to publicise
the protests.
•
Mass protests in Brazil and Indonesia have been staged against government
corruption and failure to deliver public services, coordinated via FaceBook.
•
Although these were local protest movements, they made use of a global
messaging medium, Facebook. The protestors were therefore able to gain
worldwide support for their actions.
Presentation
title of technology
The geography
Challenge and resistance
•
Globally, the number
of autocracies is
falling.
•
Democracies are
increasing in number.
•
Does the internet play
a role in the spread of
democracy by
assisting citizenship
campaigning?
Presentation
title of technology
The geography
State controls
•
In 2009, Chinese
regulators ‘punished’
Google China for failing
to remove pornographic
content from its search
results.
•
Google China was
temporarily suspended.
•
Users moved to rival
Baidu (63%).
•
Today, Google has just
1% of China’s market.
(c) myuibe http://www.flickr.com/photos/myuibe/4275949556/
Presentation
title of technology
The geography
State controls
•
Chinese socialnetwork users are
not allowed to use
Facebook.
•
Instead they use a
range of Chineseonly sites.
•
This has created a
global ‘splinternet’.
Presentation
title of technology
The geography
Challenge and resistance
•
Pakistani schoolgirl Malala Yousafzai,
who survived a shooting, wrote a blog
for the BBC website, campaigning for
the education of girls in the Swat Valley.
•
News of local injustices can ‘go viral’.
The ‘KONY 2012’ online campaign
perpetrated by the Lord’s Resistance
Army (LRA) militia group in central
Africa, prompting military intervention
by the African Union.
Imagestate Media (John Foxx)
/ The Web Online SS28
drew the world’s attention to atrocities
Presentation
title of technology
The geography
The governance of cyberspace
•
Twitter users can be held in contempt of court: footballer Joey Barton sent a
Tweet to 1million followers in which he expressed an opinion about a live
trial, potentially influencing the jury.
•
Lord McAlpine successfully sued the authors of Tweets that made damaging
allegations about his character.
•
Greater effort is now being made to ensure that Twitter users are bound by
similar conventions to traditional media:
http://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/11/22/law_commission_public_consulta
tion_on_internet_and_contempt/
Presentation
title of technology
The geography
High-tech superpower conflict
•
The Pentagon’s computer system suffers 6 million hostile probes every day.
•
A US security report has linked the stealing of American corporate secrets
with online espionage by China’s People’s Liberation Army.
•
Leaked information online poses another serious threat to national security
(Julian Assange, Bradley Manning).
•
There is a danger of global jihadists, or other terrorist groups, hacking into
the operating system of a nuclear power station and triggering a disaster.
•
The US Defence Secretary has named cyberspace as the ‘fifth space’ of
military operations (alongside land, sea, air and outer space).
•
USCybercom, a specialised military command, has been established to
tackle cyber-security threats in the USA.
Presentation
title of technology
The geography
Drone warfare in Pakistan
•
The USA's drone missile attacks in Pakistan, Yemen and Somalia – part of its
global ‘war on terror’ – are controversial.
•
‘Hellfire missile' operators in Nevada, USA, fly remote-controlled missiles into
northern Pakistan.
•
The intended target is suspected terrorists. As many as 3,500 people have
been killed by drones to date, around 10% of them civilians.
•
The rules that govern this kind of conflict are disputed. According to one view,
the USA is executing people for crimes they may or may not have committed
without a trial and is in breach of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
•
The USA claims its actions are legitimised by war law (despite the fact that it
is not at war with any of the countries where drone attacks occur).