Transcript Aftershocks of the French Revolution

Aftershocks of
the French
Revolution
European Revolts
•
French Revolutions sparked other European
Revolutions
– 1831, Belgium broke away from the
Netherlands
– 1830, Poles tried (and failed) to reunite
Poland
– 1848, failed uprisings in Vienna
(Austrian capital), Budapest (Hungarian
capital controlled by Austrian Empire),
and Prague (Czech capital controlled by
Austrian Empire)
– 1848, Italians revolted and even threw
the Pope out of Rome, but French and
Austrian armies intervened, putting
down the revolts and restoring the Pope
– 1848, revolutionaries pressed for a
united Germany but the idea was
squashed by the Prussians
Rebellion in Haiti
• The French sugar colony of
Saint Domingue in the
central Caribbean produced
40% of world’s sugar and
tremendous wealth for
France
• Sugar production relied on
heavy use of slave labor
• By 1791, black slaves
outnumbered whites by a
factor of 10 to 1
• Slavery here was especially
brutal, with little care
provided to the slaves
Rebellion in Haiti
• August 22, 1791
• Taking advantage of the
ongoing French Revolution,
the slaves coordinated an
uprising which led to the
deaths of over 2000 whites
and the destruction of 280
sugar plantations
• Surviving white colonists fled
the island
• Revolution would involve
nearly continuous fighting
from 1791 to 1804
François-Dominique Toussaint Louverture
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1743 – 1803
Born a slave, but freed as an adult
Quickly became a leader of the
rebellion, although he worked hard
to restore peace with French
Revolutionary government in
exchange for a ban on slavery
Wanted whites to return to the island
because they possessed wealth and
valuable skills
When Napoleon took power in
France, fighting broke out again in
Haiti over fears that Napoleon would
restore slavery
Arrested by a French force sent by
Napoleon and sent to trial in France,
but died in prison before trial could
begin
Jean-Jacques Dessalines
• 1758 – 1806
• After France tried to reestablish
slavery and eliminated
Louverture, Dessalines assumed
leadership of the revolt and
finally drove the French out
• 1/1/1804: the former colony was
renamed Haiti (or “home”) and
Dessalines named himself
emperor-for-life
• Whites were not allowed to own
land or property and were
discouraged from even living in or
visiting Haiti
• Assassinated in 1806
How was the Haitian Revolution different
from other revolutions?
• It was the first
successful slave
rebellion in the
Americas
• It was the first “black
republic,” or nation in
the Western
Hemisphere to be
governed by non-whites
(mostly blacks &
interracial mulattos)
Latin American Revolts
• When Napoleon
invaded and
conquered Spain in
1808, Latin
Americans used it as
an opportunity to
gain their freedom
from the Spanish
Empire
Mexican Independence
• A series of rebel leaders
fought for independence
between 1810 – 1820
• Finally, in 1821, Agustin de
Iturbide led an overthrow
and was briefly the Emperor
of Mexico before being
overthrown (and eventually
executed) by pro-republican
revolutionaries
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
• 1794 – 1876
• President of Mexico 11
different times in a 22 year
period (1833 -55)
• Helped oust the Spanish
from Mexico under Iturbide,
fought off French and
American threats to Mexican
sovereignty (although he lost
the war with the US and, as a
result, had to surrender
California)
• Repeated attempts at
naming himself dictator-forlife led to his eventual exile
Benito Juárez
• 1806 – 1872
• 5 time President of Mexico
• Inaugurated “La Reforma,” a
series of reforms which
aimed at limiting the power
of the military and the
Catholic Church in favor of
more democratic and
capitalist ideals
• Forced to fight a civil war
and to fend off a French
take-over in 1863 – 67
• Died in office in 1872
Maximilian Habsburg
• 1832 – 1867
• Younger brother of the
Austrian Emperor
• Offered the position of
Emperor of Mexico by
French emperor Napoleon
III, so long as he understood
that he needed to protect
French interests in Mexico
• Never had full control of
Mexico, and once French
troops left, he was quickly
captured and shot by order
of Benito Juárez
Central America
• Guatemala, Nicaragua,
Honduras, El Salvador,
and Costa Rica also
broke away from Spain
in the 1820s, but then
were forced to resist
Mexican attempts to
make them part of the
new Mexican republic
Bolívar & San Martín
• In 1810, Simón Bolívar led
an uprising which freed
Venezuela from Spanish
rule; over the next 11 years
he also freed Colombia,
Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia
• In 1816, José de San Martín
freed Argentina and Chile
• Bolívar and San Martín tried
to unite South America into
a single nation called Gran
Colombia, but failed
Portuguese Brazil
• When Napoleon conquered
Portugal, the royal family fled
to Brazil
• The king enacted a number of
economic reforms which
helped Brazil greatly
• When the king returned to
Portugal after Napoleon’s
defeat, he left his son Dom
Pedro behind and granted
Brazil its independence as a
reward for loyal service
• Dom Pedro became emperor
of the independent state of
Brazil
Dom Pedro I
• 1798 - 1834
• Pedro de Alcântara Francisco
Antônio João Carlos Xavier de
Paula Miguel Rafael Joaquim José
Gonzaga Pascoal Cipriano Serafim
de Bragança e Bourbon
• Moved to Brazil at 9
• When his father returned to
Portugal in 1821, Pedro
remained behind as
Emperor of Brazil
• Died of tuberculosis
“Failed” Revolutions?
• Despite winning
independence, Latin
America generally
remained economically
and politically unstable
and very socially
conservative, so the
poor saw little change
to no change in their
daily quality of life