Transcript Swedish Colonies

The Hands That Built
Blood That Spilt
Distribution
of African
Slaves in
the
Americas
during the
Atlantic
Slave Trade
Multiple Triangles of Trade
The Plantation System and the "African Solution"
Slavery had existed in Europe and Africa before the
creation of plantation systems
Greater demand for sugar, tobacco, rice then cotton led to
increased need for labor
Recognized in law
1661 English "slave codes" in Barbados
1685 French "black code" in the Caribbean
Stripped Africans of all rights
Defined slavery as an inherited racial status that applied
only to blacks
Condoned by both Catholic and Protestant Churches
Noted for extreme differences in wealth, status, and rights
Swedish Colonies
 Sweden was a North American
colonial power until the late
nineteenth century. In 1637, it
established the colony of New
Sweden (later Delaware) , with its
capital at Fort Kristina, named after
Sweden’s famous queen, Later
captured by the Dutch, it was ceded
to the British and was one of the
original thirteen colonies which
became the United States:
Delaware!
 Sweden also had an important
colony in the Caribbean: St
Bartelemy. It acquired the island
from France in 1785
King Phillip’s War (Metacom’s
Rebellion)
Massasoit Sachem of the
Wampanoag
 Massasoit, sachem of the
Wampanoag tribe, brought food to
sustain the newcomers through
their first winter and helped them
adjust to life in this strange, new
world. As more and more colonists
flooded into New England, strains
in the relationship began to appear.
In 1676, the battle was over. Philip
was slain, his body drawn and
quartered, and his head paraded in
triumph in Plymouth. Philip's son,
Massasoit's grandson, was sold
into slavery in Bermuda. The
generosity of Massasoit in 1620
indirectly resulted in the
enslavement of his grandson 56
years later.
French and Indian War
 The French and Indian War (1754–1763) was the North
American chapter of the Seven Year War, known in
Canada as the War of the Conquest. The name refers to
the two main enemies of the British: the royal French
forces and the various American Indian forces allied with
them. The conflict resulted in the British conquest of
Canada. To compensate its ally, Spain, for its loss of
Florida, France ceded its control of French Louisiana west
of the Mississippi. Native Americans fought for both
sides, but primarily alongside the French (with one
exception being the Iroquois Confederacy, which sided
with the American colonies and Britain).
Franklin’s 1754 Albany Plan
In 1754, Britain and France were
struggling for control over portions of
North America. In the face of war on
American soil, Franklin proposed a
plan that would unite the colonial
governments into a single federal
council. In his Albany Plan, Franklin
held that the colonies, by acting with
one united voice, could more
effectively fend off threatened attacks
by the French and their Native
American allies. Both the colonists
and the British Crown rejected
Franklin’s plan because it encroached
on their respective powers,
French and Indian War
 In the French and Indian War

The original rattlesnake flag was a plea
for unity during the French and Indian
Wars. Ben Franklin adapted the image
of a rattler severed into segments, each
representing a colony or group of
colonies — the head labeled “N.E.” for
New England. Rightly so, as this is
where the Sons of Liberty first gathered
in the mid 1770s. They joined with the
like-minded gentlemen from the South.
both northern and southern
colonies used black soldiers.
Particularly was this true in
New York and Connecticut
(which had black men in
twenty five militia companies).
Several colonies adherred to
the classical concept that to risk
one's life (by serving in
combat) was legally tantamount
to earning ones freedom.
Benjamin Quarles: The Negro
in the Making of America
Iroquois Confederacy
 Decisions would be made in the
following way. The Mohawk and
Seneca Lords would have to
unanimously agree on a course of
action. They sent this decisions to
the Oneida and Cayuga Lords, who
would also have to unanimously
agree on this decision During the
American Revolution, the League
split apart; the Oneida and Tuscarora
sided with the Americans, while the
others allied themselves with Britain.
The United States took revenge in
1779 which resulted in the Second
Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784) which
officially disbanded the League>
From Captive
to Cargo
Inspection of Merchandise
Tobacco is King in Virginia Colony
 By 1614 Virginia had entered the
world trade market protected under
English laws. By 1620 tobacco
was being used as currency in
Virginia, a trade option that
endured for two centuries.
 Virginia became a single-crop
colony until 1 February 1633,
when tobacco laws were codified,
limiting tobacco production to
reduce dependence on a singlecrop economy. tobacco remained
the main world trade crop for
Virginia for many decades.
17th Century North Carolina
Imposing Terror
 Carolina authorities developed
laws to keep the African
American population under
control. Whipping, branding,
dismembering, castrating, or
killing a slave were legal under
many circumstances. Freedom
of movement, to assemble at a
funeral, to earn money, even to
learn to read and write, became
outlawed.
18th Century Attempts to Retrieve “Property”
The Harshness of Human Bondage
 As Equiano wrote, white and
black lived together "in a state
of war." The more harshly
whites enforced racial
enslavement, the more they
came to fear black uprisings.
As they became more fearful,
they responded by further
tightening the screws of
oppression.
 "If you're a white authority,
you're constantly trying
to figure: …How fierce
should the punishments be?”
Stono Rebellion of 1739
20 Africans Marching in
Cato's Conspiracy or
Cato's Rebellion
South to Florida
Punishing Freedom Fighters in 1741
 Great Negro Plot or Conspiracy of 1741
Fires erupted in in NY city , one at the home
of the governor at the time. Blacks arrested
with a 16-year old white indentured servant,
Mary Burton. In exchange for her freedom,
she testified against the others of a
conspiracy of poor Whites and Blacks to
burn the city, kill the White Men, take the
White women for themselves. The two slaves
were burned at the stake, and with "fire
licking at their feet", confessed to burning the
fort. They also named fifty others as coconspirators. News of the "conspiracy" set
off a stampede of arrests. At the height of the
hysteria, nearly half the city's male slaves
over sixteen were in jail. The number of
arrests totaled 152 Blacks and twenty Whites.
They were tried and convicted in a show
trials in which the judicial authorities have
already determined the guilt of the accused:
Most of the convicted were hanged or burnthow many is uncertain
18th Century British
Naval Dominance
As Britain rose in naval power and
settled continental North America
they became the leading slave
traders. At one stage the trade was
the monopoly of the Royal Africa
Company, operating out of
London, but following the loss of
the company's monopoly in 1689,
Bristol and Liverpool merchants
became increasingly involved in
the trade. By the late 17th century,
one out of every four ships that left
Liverpool harbor was a slave
trading ship.[
Auctioned and Sold
General Assembly colony of Connecticut
1708
Black Codes
1730
 That if any Negro, Indian, or
 This Black Code states that no
slave could be acquired without
the owner's knowledge
(presumably in reference to
run-away slaves) and that if a
negro or mulatto servant
disturb the peace or strike a
white person, he shall be
whipped.
Molatto slave shall utter,
publish and speak such words
of any person that would by
law be actionable if the same
were uttered, published or
spoken by any other free person
such Negro, Indian or Molatto
slave, being thereof convicted
before any one justice of the
peace, shall be punished by
whipping, at the discretion of
the assistant or justice before
whom the tryal is, not
exceeeding forty stripes.
1800’s Slave Market in DC
Slave Market of America
Northerners and foreign visitors
to the Capital were horrified
and embarrassed to find a large
slave market very close to the
Capitol building where the
nation's lawmakers sat in
session. The American AntiSlavery Society issued posters
to show the incongruity of
selling slaves in the Nation's
Capital with the principles
decreed in the Declaration of
Independence. The poster was
part of the Society's campaign
to have Congress abolish
slavery in Washington, D.C.
Slave patrols begin
in SC 1704
 Slave patrols (called
patrollers, pattyrollers or
paddy rollers by the slaves)
were organized groups of
three to six white men who
enforced discipline they
policed the slaves on the
plantations and hunted down
fugitive slaves. Patrols used
summary punishment against
escapees, which included
maiming or killing them.
Beginning in 1704 in South
Carolina, slave patrols were
established and the idea
spread throughout the
southern states
Important Events Of African Americans
Loudoun Co. Virginia
 1764: For the first time a census lists patrollers to “visit all negroe
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quarters and other places suspected of entertaining unlawful
assemblies of slaves or any others strolling about without a pass.”
1764: At the close of the French and Indian War there are about
1,100 slaves, or 19 percent of 5,800 persons. Now, about 60 percent
of the slaves are owned by residents; 40 percent by absentee
landlords.
1768: Three slaves of George West, the county surveyor, strike
overseer Dennis Dallas with axes and hoes “so he instantly expired.”
The slaves are hanged, March 2, in the county’s first public
execution.
1773: On the eve of the American Revolution, the population is
11,000, with 1,950 slaves—17 ½ percent of the populace. The
average cost of a slave is about $125—over a third of what an
average man earns in a year.
April 1778: Jane Robinson of Loudoun, a mulatto born to a white
woman, is the first to receive emancipation under 1765
Commonwealth legislation.
ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION No. 270
Nov. 8, 2007, STATE OF NEW JERSEY
WHEREAS, New Jersey, with as many as 12,000 slaves, had one of the
largest populations of captive Africans in the northern colonies; and
WHEREAS, Although the State of New Jersey passed a gradual
 emancipation law in 1804, it was the last northern state to
 emancipate its slaves, and required all children of slaves born after
 July 4, 1804 to remain the “servant of the owner of his or her
 mother” until they were twenty-one years of age for women or
twenty-five years of age for men; …
BE IT RESOLVED by the General Assembly of the State of New
 Jersey (the Senate concurring):
 1. The Legislature of the State of New Jersey expresses its
profound regret for the State’s role in slavery and apologizes for the
 wrongs inflicted by slavery and its after effects in the United States
 of America; expresses its deepest sympathies and solemn regrets to
 those who were enslaved and the descendants of those slaves, who
 were deprived of life, human dignity, and the constitutional
 protections accorded all citizens of the United States
Petition of 1780 by slaves for the abolition of slavery in
Connecticut
 We are all of us the Same mind as we was when we asked
this advantige of your honners Last may that our marsters
have no more Rite to make us Searve them then we have
to make our Marsters Searve us and we have Resen to
wonder that our Case has not Ben taken into
Consideration So fare as to Grant us our Libertys But we
must consider what the Book of Eceleisastes says at 8
Chapter & at the 11 varce Because Sentence aganst an
Evel work is not Executed Speedily theirfore the hart of
the Sons of men is fully Set in them to do Evel - and for
this Reson we Think our Cause is Not Regarded and we
Still must Say as Jeremiah Says in his Lamentations at the
5 Chapter & at the 5 varce Our necks are under
Persecution we Labour and have no rest -
Fugitive Slave Laws and
Consequences
Caribbean Slave Testimony
Toussaint L’Overture and
Jean Jacque Dessalines
 In 1789 Saint Domingue was the
most profitable real estate in the
world. its sugar plantations = twothirds of France's overseas trade,
they also stimulated the greatest
individual market for the slave
trade. The slaves were brutally
treated and died in great numbers,
prompting a never-ending influx
of new slaves. The French
Revolution sent waves all the way
across the Atlantic. The slaves
seized the moment rebelled en
masse and when it ended in 1803,
Saint Domingue had become
Haiti, the first independent nation
in the Caribbean.
1791Slaves and Free Blacks
Revolt
 The French also established forts,
Louisiana Territory
trading posts, and settlements in
the areas surrounding the Great
Lakes and up and down the
Mississippi River, including the
huge colony of Louisiana. The
territory encompassed the modernday states of Louisiana, Arkansas,
Oklahoma, Missouri, Kansas,
Nebraska, Iowa, Minnesota, North
Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming,
Montana, Colorado, and Idaho.
Named after the French King
Louis XIV, its capital, New
Orleans, at the mouth of the
Mississippi River, was founded in
1718.
After the Treaty of Paris at the end
of the French and Indian War
(1763), the French surrendered
Louisiana to Spain until 1800.
Louisanna Purchase of 1803
1790 Naturalization Law
limited citizenship to
immigrants who were
“foreign whites”. 1792
enlistment in militias was
limited to white men. States
in the NW Territory placed
special restrictions and
requirements on Blacks who
entered.
St. Domingue proposed as home for deported
slaves and free blacks
"West Indies offer a more probable &
practicable retreat for them . . . the most
promising portion of them is the island of St.
Domingo, where the blacks are established
into a sovereignty de facto, & have organised
themselves under regular laws &
government.“ He was searching for a
suitable place to send rebellious slaves in the
aftermath of Gabriel's Rebellion in Virginia.
 Racial stereotypes during the
antebellum period were rampant.
 The sambo caricature was the
most persistent of Black males.
 Based on white chauvanistic
ideas of superiority and the view
of Negroes as the extreme “other”
 Sambo and Uncle
 Big Smile: happy to Serve
 Uniform: proud of
subservient role
 Speech: creolized English,
viewed as indicative of
lack of intelligence
Mother Bethel -1795 1st Black
Sunday School -1807 Free
People of Color School
Images of Slavery