Transcript APEH 21 The Conservative Order and the Challenges of Reform

APEH 21
The Conservative Order and
the Challenges of Reform
Europe after the Congress of Vienna 1815
Purpose
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Review Ideologies
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Nationalism
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Liberalism
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Conservatism
Analyze the way nationalism and liberalism challenged the
conservative order in Germany, England, and France using
the five analysis questions. (Who, what, where, when, and
why?)
Key Terms: Six Acts, Burschenshaften, Carlsbad Decrees,
Ultraroyalism, Concert of Europe, Chamber of Deputies,
Junkers, The Charter, Peterloo Massacre.
Review
• What are the basic characteristics of nationalism,
liberalism, and conservatism?
• How did nationalism and liberalism challenge
conservatism?
• How are each of the following related to this
challenge?
– Karl Sand, Peterloo, Ultraroyalism
• Key Terms: Six Acts, Burschenshaften, Carlsbad
Decrees, Ultraroyalism, Concert of Europe, Chamber
of Deputies, Junkers, The Charter, Peterloo
Massacre.
Europe after the Congress of Vienna 1815
Bourbon Restoration
Count of Artois
Duke of Berri
Review
• What are the basic characteristics of nationalism,
liberalism, and conservatism?
• How did nationalism and liberalism challenge
conservatism?
• How are each of the following related to this
challenge?
– Karl Sand, Peterloo, Ultraroyalism
Vocabulary Review
Past FRQs
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Conservatism
Liberalism
Nationalism
Peterloo Massacre
The Charter
Chamber of Deputies
Concert of Europe
Ultraroyalism
Carlsbad Decrees
Burschenshaften
Six Acts
Junkers
Previous Free Response Question
(2003)
Compare and contrast political liberalism
with political conservatism in the first half
of the nineteenth century in Europe.
(1993)
Describe the ways in which conservative
political and social views shaped the
peace settlement of the Congress of
Vienna. Explain the consequences of the
peace settlement for the period 1815 to
1848.
Purpose
• Analyze the Congress of Europe and how it maintained
Conservatism throughout Europe during early 19th century by
researching and discussing the five analysis questions.
• Understand the underlying forces of the European revolutions in
the early 19th century up to the 1830s by discussing
background and supporters as well as results. Greece, Russia,
Serbia, Poland, France, Belgium
• Key Terms-Concert of Europe, Aix-la-Chapelle, Congress of
Trappau, Congress of Laibach, Congress of Verona
The Congress System and the
Concert of Europe
• Congress System
– A series of international meetings among the
European powers (Austria, Prussia, Russia,
England, France) to promote mutual cooperation.
• Concert of Europe
– Designed to maintain a balance of power,
especially against the aggression of Russia and
France.
– Maintain peace.
“The statesmen of the Vienna
generation…did not so much fear war
because they thought it would bring
revolution…they had learned from bitter
experience that war was revolution.”
Paul W. Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics, 1763-1848
Congress of Europe
• Describe the details (5 analysis
questions) for each of the following.
Explain how each of them strengthens
the conservative order.
– Aix-la-Chapelle
– Congress of Troppau
– Congress of Laibach
– Congress of Verona
Congress of Europe
• Aix-la-Chapelle (1818)
– Four major powers (Russia, Austria,
Prussia, England) withdrew their troops
from France.
– France paid all reparations.
– France was re-admitted as a nation in
good-standing.
• Conservative Order?
Congress of Europe
• Congress of Troppau (1820)
– Who?
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Bourbon Monarch VII of Spain
Cortes
Spanish Army
Issued by the Holy Alliance
– Where? Spain
– What? Stable governments might intervene to
restore order in countries experiencing revolution.
– Why? To maintain the status quo of conservative
order of Europe. It was enforced by the powers
from the Congress of Vienna.
• Conservative Order?
Congress of Europe
• Congress of Laibach (1821)
– Who?
• Italy and members of the Congress
– Where? Italy
– What? Austrian troops marched into Naples and
restored the king of the Two Sicilies to nonconstitutional government.
– Why?
• Austria hoped to dominate the peninsula to provide a
buffer against the spread of revolution.
• Austria wanted direct control over Italian government so
they would be more efficient.
• Conservative Order?
Congress of Europe
• Congress of Verona (1822)
– Who?
• Spain and Members of the Congress (Britain withdrew
under Canning)
– Where? Spain
– What? French given permission to intervene in
Spain where the revolution against the Bourbon
monarchy was taking place and was allowed to
temporarily occupy the country (1827)
– Why? To restore order in Spain
• Conservative Order?
The Congress System
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1818-Aix-la-Chapelle
1820-The Congress of Troppau
1821-The Congress of Laibach
1822-The Congress of Verona
Goal: Maintain the status quo.
European Revolution Early 19th Century
Conservative Order Challenged
Liberalism?
Conservatism?
Nationalism?
Purpose
• Understand the underlying forces of the European revolutions in
the early 19th century up to 1830 by discussing background and
supporters as well as results. Greece, Russia, Serbia, Poland,
France, Belgium.
• Through discussion we will analyze the political ideologies of
nationalism, liberalism and conservatism to predict which of
these will be the dominant ideology by the end of the 19th
century.
• Key Terms: Eastern Question, Official nationality, Decembrist
Revolt 1825.
Revolutions of the early 19c.
Greek Revolution 1821
Liberalism?
Conservatism?
Nationalism?
Greece 1821
Support and Background
• Liberalism against
Asian despotism.
• European fear of
instability.
• Russia and Austria’s
desire to control the
Balkans.
• Britain and France’s
desire for naval
position.
• Christian treatment and
access to the Holy
Land.
Results
• 1827-Treaty of London
(Russia and France
agreed)
– Greek Independence
– Support for Greek Revolt
• 1829-Treaty of
Adrianople-Turks would
allow Russia, Britain,
France to decide
Greece’s future.
• 1830-Treaty of London
declared Greece an
independent kingdom
Serbian Independence 1830
Russia
Serbia 1830
Support and Background
• 1804-1813
– Guerilla warfare against
the Ottoman Empire led
by Karageorge
• Created a self-identity
(nationalism)
• Attracted interest of
European powers
• Most Serbs lived outside of
the territory
• Tension created because of
many nationalities
• 1820s-Protected by Russia
Results
• 1815-16
– Serbian leader Milos able
to gain more autonomy
but not independence.
• 1830-Formally granted
Independence by the
Ottoman Empire
• 1833-Milos convinced the
Ottomans to extend Serbian
borders (until 1878).
• Serbia separated from
Russia by Austria
Decembrist Uprising-1825
Liberalism?
Conservatism?
Nationalism?
Russia 1825-Decemberist Revolt
Support and Background
• Alexander I(1801)
– Suppressed liberalism
and nationalism.
– Russian Forces exposed
to Enlightenment Ideas.
– Northern Society
– Southern Society
– 1825 Alexander died,
Constantine refused the
throne. Nicholas became
tsar.
Results
• 1826 Coup d’etat
– Rebel army officers
(Moscow Regiment)
refused allegiance to
Nicholas.
– Rebels wanted a
constitution and
Constantine.
– Nicholas reacted by
attacking the insurgents
– Autocracy installedOrthodoxy, Autocracy,
and Nationalism
Revolutions of 1830
Poland 1830
Poland 1830s
Liberalism?
Conservatism?
Nationalism?
Poland 1830s
Background and Support
• Partitioned by the Congress
of Vienna
• Dominated by Russia
(Alexander I and Nicholas I)
• Controlled by Grand Duke
Constantine
• Constitutional government
under the tsar’s control.
• Polish nationalism existed
• November 30-Warsaw
disturbance led to violence
throughout the country.
• Diet wanted Nicholas
deposed
Result
• Nicholas sends troops
to put down rebellion.
• 1832 Organic Statute
declared Poland to be
an integral part of the
Russian Empire.
• Russia dominated
Polish politics and
affairs by suppressing
liberalism and
nationalism
Belgium 1830s
Liberalism?
Conservatism?
Nationalism?
Belgium 1830
Belgium 1830s
Background and Support
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Territory restructured by the
Congress of Vienna
– 1815-Merged with the
kingdom of Holland
Disturbance in Brussels 1830
Provisional Government of
municipal authorities and
propertied classes tried to end
the rioting.
Compromise failed between the
Belgian and Dutch
Dutch defeated
A national congress wrote a
Belgian constitution
Results
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Major powers were already
suppressing revolts.
France wanted to dominate
Belgium
Britain wasn’t threatened by a
liberal Belgium and wanted to
see their independence.
1831-Belgium was recognized
as an independent.
Convention of 1839 recognized
it as a neutral nation.
France 1830s
Liberalism?
Conservatism?
Nationalism?
France 1830s
Background and Support
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1824-Count of Artois replaced Louis
XVIII as Charles X
Believed in Divine Right
Chamber of Deputies compensated
aristocracy for lost land, restored
primogeniture, enforced laws
supporting the Catholic Church.
1827-Liberals gained seats in the
Chamber of Deputies.
After trying to work with liberals,
Charles reinforced ultraroyalism.
1830-Liberals won a majority in the
Chamber of Deputies (conservative
royal reaction)
1830 Four Ordinances issued by
Charles X
Public reaction was to revolt. (July
Days)
Royal troops could not stop the
revolt.
Results
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Charles X abdicated the throne
Chamber of Deputies established a
Constitutional Monarchy
Bourbon rule ended
Duke d’Orleans-Louis Philippe
became the “July” monarch.
Louis Philippe became known as
the King of the French.
Tri-color flag replaced the Bourbon
flag.
Constitution represented the people.
Catholicism became the religion of
the majority.
Censorship was abolished
Hereditary Privilege was abolished.
Wealth led to powerful social and
political status-less restrictive
economy
Members of the urban working class
ignored.
England 1830s
Liberalism?
Conservatism?
Nationalism?
England 1830s
Before 1820, Britain appeared to be moving down the same
reactionary road as the other major powers.
What factors led to a different outcome in Britain? What was the
purpose of the Great Reform Bill? What did it achieve? Would
you call it a “revolutionary” document?
Key Terms to be included- Act of Union, Catholic Emancipation Act.
The Great Reform Bill, Great
Britain 1832
Support and Background
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Larger commercial and
industrial class
Strong respect for civil liberties
1800-Act of Union passed
between Ireland and Great
Britain
1829-Catholic Emancipation act
passed to appease Irish
Catholics in Parliament
Rotten Boroughs-very few
voters-not represented in
government.
Vote did not extend to more
than propertied classunrepresented population.
First Reform Bill in 1831 failedRiots followed.
Result
• Expanded the size of the
electorate (not democratic)
• Increased the number of
voters by 200,000 or 50%
• Property qualification still
existed.
• New urban boroughs were
created.
• New rural districts were
created.
• Including more people in
government made revolution
unnecessary.