Transcript 33.1 Cold War: Superpowers Face Off

FQ: How does the Cold War
End?
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(20 min)- Notes: End of the
Cold War
(25 min)- Class Activity: DBQ
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(5 min)- Wrap Up: Class
1945-Yalta and Potsdam Conferences
1947-Truman Doctrine
1948-Czechoslovakia and NATO
Berlin Blockade and Airlift
1949-USSR exploded 1st A-Bomb
1950-Korean War
1954-Vietnam War
1955-Warsaw Pact formed
1962-Cuban Missile Crisis
1989-Communist Eastern Europe collapsed
Berlin Wall falls
1991-Soviet Union broke up
Soviet Policy in Eastern Europe and China
Destalinization and Rumblings
of Protest
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Nikita Khrushchev—leader of
Soviet Union after Stalin dies
(1953)
Khrushchev condemns Stalin;
Soviets and West can peacefully
compete
Citizens of Soviet-controlled
governments begin protesting
communism
Khrushchev sends Soviet military to
put down Hungarian protesters.
Soviet Policy in Eastern Europe and China
The Revolt in
Czechoslovakia
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Leonid Brezhnev—
Soviet leader after
Khrushchev—
represses dissent
In 1968, Warsaw Pact
troops block reforms in
Czechoslovakia
From Brinkmanship to Détente
Brinkmanship Breaks Down
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Brinkmanship cause repeated
crises; nuclear war a constant
threat
John F. Kennedy—U.S.
president during the Cuban
Missile Crisis
Lyndon Johnson—president
who increases U.S.
involvement in Vietnam
From Brinkmanship to Détente
The United States Turns to
Détente
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Vietnam-era turmoil fuels desire for
less confrontational policy
Détente—policy of reducing Cold
War tensions to avoid conflict
Richard M. Nixon—U.S. president
who launches détente
Détente grows out of philosophy
known as realpolitik—”realistic
politics”—recognizes need to be
practical and flexible
From Brinkmanship to Détente
Nixon Visits Communist Powers
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Nixon visits Communist China and Soviet
Union, signs SALT I Treaty
SALT—Strategic Arms Limitation Talks—
limits nuclear weapons
Nixon visiting China
The Collapse of Détente
Policy Changes
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Nixon and Gerald Ford improve relations with
Soviets and China
Jimmy Carter has concerns about Soviet
policies but signs SALT II
Congress will not ratify SALT II due to Soviet
invasion of Afghanistan
The Collapse of Détente
Reagan Takes an AntiCommunist Stance
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Ronald Reagan—antiCommunist U.S. president
takes office in 1981
Reagan increases military
spending and proposes a
missile defense program
In 1985, new Soviet
leadership allows easing
of Cold War tensions
Problems in the Soviet Union
By the mid-1980s, Communist
government of USSR
was inefficient; the
economy was really
bad
The Soviet satellites
in Eastern Europe were in economic
ruin: had low industrial production &
food shortages
Mikhail Gorbachev
Mikhail Gorbachev
March 11, 1985
Inherited many
problems; recognized
need for change (the
economy needed
fundamental reforms)
Introduced two-tiered
policy of reform to
meet the needs of the
Russian state
Policy #1: Glasnost
Openness
Policy to end
censorship and
encouraged people to
discuss openly the
problems of the
Soviet Union.
Unwittingly unleashed
emotions and political
feelings that had been
pent up for decades
Pandora’s Box
Policy #2: Perestroika
Economic reform and
rebuilding (complete
economic restructuringFree Market)
did not have the
immediate results
Gorbachev had hoped for
and had publicly
predicted
Unsuccessful – Negative
Effect- Inflation, shortage
of food and medicine
People used free speech
to criticize Gorbachev
Berlin Wall
June 12, 1987, Reagan
challenged Gorbachev:
“General Secretary
Gorbachev, if you seek
peace, if you seek
prosperity for the Soviet
Union and Eastern
Europe, if you seek
liberalization: Come here
to this gate! Mr.
Gorbachev, open this
gate! Mr. Gorbachev, tear
down this wall!”
Fall of Berlin Wall, Soviet Union
Dissolves
NOVEMBER 9, 1989 – Berlin Wall comes
down
Fall of Communism in Europe
1991 Fall of Soviet Union (end of Cold
War)
Beginning of Persian Gulf War (Desert
Storm)
USSR Collapses
USSR was a union of 15 republics
(states); Russia was the largest;
non-Russian states resented Russia’s
control of USSR
In 1990, Latvia, Lithuania,
Estonia declared
independence from USSR;
began movement for all
Soviet states to declare
independence from USSR
by 1991
Mikhail GORBACHEV RESIGNED the
presidency of the Soviet Union on December
25, 1991 and the Soviet Union was
DISSOLVED by the next week
Soviet Union was REPLACED by a LOOSE
ALLIANCE of former Soviet republics called
the COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT
STATES
Commonwealth of Independent
States