Transcript Document

Lecture 3
1. The Debye theory. Gases and polar molecules in non-polar
solvent.
2. The reaction field of a non-polarizable point dipole
3. The internal and the direction fields for polar dielectrics.
4. The Onsager equation. The dielectric properties of polar
non-associative liquids.
1
Debye theory; Gases and polar
molecules in non-polar solvent
In Debye theory the internal field Ei and directing field Ed were not
distinguished from each other. Debye used for both fields the Lorentz's
one, given by (2.54):
EL 
 2
3
E
If we will substitute this expression into (2.49)


 k2
 1
E =  N k  k ( E i ) k 
(Ed )k 
4
3kT
k


for both Ei and Ed, then we can find:

k2 
  1 4
=
 N   
  2 3 k k  k 3kT 
(3.1)
2
This is generally called the Debye equation. It was the first relationship
that made the connection between the molecular parameter of the
substance being tested and the phenomenological (macroscopic)
parameter that can be experimentally measured.
Using the molar polarization [P] , defined by (2.57)
 1 M
[ P] 
2 d
we can write the Debye equation for a pure compound as:

4
2 
[ P] 
N  

3 A
3kT 
(3.2)
Thus, according to the Debye equation, the molar polarization of a
compound at a given temperature is constant. It must be independent
of the pressure and have the same value in gaseous and the liquid
state.
3
But in many cases, however, the Debye equation is in considerable
disagreement with the experiment. It works very nice for gases at
normal pressures. In this case one has -1<<1 and equation (3.1) can
be written as:

 k2 

  1 = 4  N k  k 
3kT 
k

(3.3)
In this form, the Debye equation is still used. For gases at normal
pressures the difference between the fields E, Ei,Ed, and EL can be
neglected. For pure compounds equation (3.2) changes into:

2
  1 = 4N  
3kT





(3.4)
4
The reaction field
When a molecule with permanent dipole strength  is surrounded by
other particles, the inhomogeneous field of the permanent dipole
polarizes its environment. In the surrounding particles moments
proportional to the polarizability are induced, and if these particles
have a permanent dipole moment their orientation is influenced. To
calculate this effect one can use a simple model: an ideal dipole in a
center of a spherical cavity.
The field of the dipole in such a cavity polarizes the surrounding matter, and the
resulting in homogeneous polarization of the environment will give rise to a field
at the dipole, which is called the reaction field R.
For reasons of symmetry R will have the same direction as the dipole
vector , and it is obvious that R will be proportional to  as long as
no saturation effects occur.
Thus:
R  fμ
(3.5)
The factor f is called the factor of reaction field. If the cavity is not
spherical, this factor must be replaced by a reaction field tensor. 5
The reaction field of a non-polarizable point dipole
The model consists of a spherical cavity with radius a in a continuous
dielectric of dielectric permittivity . The point dipole with moment  is
situated in the center of the cavity (fig.3.1). In this very simplified
model of the interaction between a permanent dipole moment and its
surroundings, the value chosen for a influences the results.
z


Fig.3.1
a
Let us assume that only one kind
of molecule is presented:
4
3
Na 3  1
(3.6)
It implies that the volume of the
cavity is equal to the volume
available to each molecule.
To calculate the reaction field we have to know the potential in the
cavity due both to the dipole itself and to the interaction of the dipole
with the surrounding dielectric.
6
Let the center of the dipole to be the origin of a coordinate system
and choose the direction of the z-axis along the dipole vector. It will be
the symmetry about the z-axis. As it was shown in the previous lecture
the general solution of following relation in the terms of Legendre
polynomial represents Laplaces’s equation:

Bn 

n
1    An r  n1  Pn (cos )

r 
n0

Dn 

n
2    Cn r  n1  Pn (cos )

r 
n0
where 1 is the potential outside the sphere and 2 is the potential
inside the sphere.
The boundary conditions in this case are:
1.
1 r  0
(3.7)
2.
1 r a  2 r a
(3.8)
3.
 d 
 d 
 1    2 
 dr  r a  dr  r a
(3.9)
7
The only source of the field lines within the cavity is the permanent
dipole . The potential due to an ideal dipole along the z-axis is given
by:

  2 cos
r
thus all coefficients Dn are zero except D1, which has the value D1=.
Using the bound conditions and the same procedure that we used in
previous lecture, we can get
3 
2 cos
2  1 r

2(  1) 
2  2 cos  
3 r cos 
r
2 + 1 a
1 
(3.10)
(3.11)
According to (3.11), the field in the cavity is a superposition of the
dipole field in vacuum and a uniform field R, given by:
R
1 2(  1)

3
a 2  1
(3.12)
2

conclude that the factor of the

Comparing this
result
with
Eqn.
(3.4)
we

 1 = 4N 


(3.4)
reaction field is given by: 
3kT 

8
1 2(  1)
f  3
a 2  1
(3.13)
Formally, the field of dielectric can be described as the field of a virtual
dipole c at the center of the cavity, given by:
3
c 

2  1
(3.14)
The presented model involves a number of simplifications, since the
dipole is assumed to be ideal and located at the center of the
molecule, which is supposed to be spherical and surrounded by a
continuous dielectric.
9
The reaction field of a polarized point dipole
Let us now consider the case of a polarizable permanent dipole, having
an average polarizability . In this case the reaction field R induces a
dipole R and therefore satisfies the equation:
(3.15)
R  f( μ  R )
where  is the permanent dipole moment. Therefore:
f
R

1  f
Eliminating f by using (3.13) we have:
1
1
R

2  1  a 3
 3
2(  1) a
1 2(  1)
f  3
a 2  1
(3.16)
(3.17)
10
To give an approximate calculation of the numerical values of R in the
case pure nonassociated polar liquids containing one kind of particle
we use approximation (3.6) and the relation:

n2  1
3 
a
n2  2
(3.18)
where n is the index of refraction. The substitution of (3.6) and (3.18)
into (3.17) leads to:
(3.19)
4 2(  1) n 2  2
R
3
N
2  n
2
3

The number of particles per cm3 , N, can be computed from:
d
N
NA
M
(3.20)
where M being the molecular weight of the substance, d density and NA
Avagadro's number. For usual values of  (0.5-5 D) the order of
magnitude of the reaction field strength is 5-50 106 v/cm.
11
Under the influence of the reaction field the dipole moment is
increased considerably; the increased moment is:
μ  μ  R
*
(3.21)
The combination of (3.21) and (3.16), and taking into account (3.13)
gives:
 


1  f


 2(  1)
1 3
a 2  1
(3.22)
Using (3.18) we can calculate the increase of the dipole moment:

2  1 n 2  2

 2  n 2 3
(3.23)
12
The internal and the direction fields for
polar dielectrics; The Onsager equation
In the case of polar dielectrics, the molecules have a permanent dipole
moment , and both parts of the fundamental equation (equation
2.49 from previous lecture) must be taken into account.


k2
 1
E =  N k k ( Ei ) k 
( Ed ) k 
4
3kT
k


In the case of non-polar liquids the internal field can be considered as
the sum of two parts; one being the cavity field and the other the
reaction field of the dipole induced in the molecule Ei=Ec+R.
For polar molecules the internal field can also built up from the cavity
field and the reaction field, taking into account now the reaction field
of the total dipole moment of the molecule.
13
The angle between the reaction field of the permanent part of the
dipole moment and the permanent dipole moment itself will be
constant during the movements of the molecule.
It means that in a spherical cavity the permanent dipole moment and
the reaction field caused by it will have the same direction. Therefore,
this reaction field R does not influence the direction of the dipole
moment of the molecule under consideration, and does not contribute
to the directing field Ed.
On the other hand, the reaction field does contribute to the internal
field Ei, because it polarizes the molecule. As a result, we find a
difference between the internal field Ei and the directing field Ed.
Since the reaction field R belongs to one particular orientation of the
dipole moment, the difference between Ei and Ed will give by the
value of the reaction field averaged over all orientations of the polar
molecule:
Ei - Ed  R
(3.24)
14
The direction field Ed can be obtained by the following procedure:
) remove the permanent dipole of a molecule without changing its
polarizability;
) let the surrounding dielectric adapt itself to the new situation;
) then fix the charge distribution of the surroundings and remove the
central molecule.
The average field in the cavity so obtained is equal to the value of Ed
that is to be calculated, since we have eliminated the contribution of R
to Ei by removing the permanent dipole of the molecule.
With the aid of this procedure it is possible to calculate Ed in a simple
way. If in the above procedure we had also to removed the
polarizability of the molecule before fixing the charge distribution of
the surroundings, we would formed a physical cavity in the dielectric,
i.e. a cavity where the surroundings are allowed to adapt themselves
to the new situation.
15
For a spherical cavity, the homogeneous cavity field Ec is given by eqn
(2.14) from the previous lecture:
3
EC 
E
2  1
To calculate Ed, the polarizability of the molecule must now be taken
into account. The field Ed causes a dipole Ed with reaction field fEd
where f is the reaction field factor given by (3.13). Thus, Ed will be
given by the equation:
Ed  Ec  fEd
(3.25)
or
1
Ed 
Ec
1  f
(3.26)
16
Combining (2.14) and (3.26) we have:
Ed 
1
3
E
1  f 2  1
(3.27)
If the dielectric consists of different kinds of molecules, we must
calculate the directing field for each kind of molecule separately. We
then have for the k-th kind of molecule:
1
3
( Ed ) k 
E
1  f k k 2  1
with
where
1 2(  1)
fk  3
ak 2  1
(3.28)
(3.29)
 is the dielectric constant of the mixture and ak the radius of
the cavity belong to the particle of the k-th kind.
17
The internal field is now found from eqn.(3.24):
Ei  Ed  R
(3.30)
where R is the total reaction field connected with the permanent part
of the dipole moment. This will be given by the expression for the
reaction field of the polarizable point dipole, (equation 3.16):
R
f

1  f
Therefore, <R> is given by:
R 
f
μ
1  f
(3.31)
in which <> is the value of  averaged over all orientations. <> is
given by equation (2.46) from the previous lecture:
μ 
Hence:
2

Ed
18
2
Ei = E d 
Ed 
1  f 
f

f
2
 1 
 1  f 
 1
3

E
 1  f 2  1
(3.32)
For a mixture of different kinds of molecules we find for the internal
field at k-th kind of molecule:
Ei k

fk
 2k 
1
3

= 1 
E
 1  f k  k   1  f k  k 2  1
(3.33)
It must be stressed that all these relations are hold only for spherical
particles. It is not necessary that the dipole be situated in the center
of the sphere, however, if the polarizability of these particles is
considered to be point polarizability in the center of the molecule or
homogeneously distributed over the whole sphere.
19
We can now substitute eqns. (3.28) and (3.33) for the directing and
the internal field, respectively, into the fundamental equation, eqn.
(2.49) from the previous lecture:


 k2
 1
E =  N k  k ( E i ) k 
(Ed )k 
4
3kT
k


We then find:
( - 1)(2 + 1)
1
=  Nk
12
1  f k k
k

 
1
 k 

3
kT
1

f

k k 

(3.34)
in which fk is given by (3.29):
1 2(  1)
fk  3
ak 2  1
20
Taking for the radius of the cavity and the polarizability the values of
these quantities as found for each pure compound (eqn. (3.6) and
(2.59) from the pervious lecture)
4 3
Nak  1
3
   1 4

  2 3
a
3
k
k
k
k
k
a k3
we obtain for the ratio
k
N 

(  ) k  1
(  ) k  2
(3.35)
21
From this we find:


  k  2 2  1
1

1  f kk
3 2      k

(3.36)

Hence, (3.34) can be written in the form:
   2
( - 1)
=  Nk  k
4
2    k
k


  k  22  1  
 k 





3
2



3
kT
 k


For pure dipole liquids it is useful to substitute
(3.37)
 from the equation of
Clausiuss-Mossotti eqn.(2.59)
 - 1 3    1    2 2  1 N 
=

2
4 4 2   
9kT
2    
2
Hence:
(3.38)
22
9kT (    )(2    )
 
2
4N
 (   2)
2
(3.39)
This equation is generally called the Onsager equation. It
makes possible the computation of the permanent dipole
moment of a molecule from the dielectric constant of the
pure dipole liquid if the density and  are known.
23