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1 Ivan Etzo PhD, Assistant Professor University of Cagliari (Italy) Department of Economics and Business Email: [email protected] Migration in the world 2 Migration is an unavoidable phenomenon, which is mainly driven by inequalities (income, employment, wages, democracy, political instability, natural disasters and so on..). Migration in the world 3 232 mln of (international) migrants in the world in 2013 + 13 mln in 13 years The 25.3% of European citezens live outside Europe. At the same time 31.3% of international migrants live in Europe. The great majority (3/4) of which lives in France, Germany, UK, Spain and Italy Source: World Migration Report 2013 Immigration in Italy The number of foreign immigrants residing in Italy grew from 140 thousand in 1970 to 2.4 million in 2004 and almost doubled during the period 2004-2010 reaching 4.5 million in 2010 Foreign born immigrants residing in Italy (Source: ISTAT) 4 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 6.5% 7.1% 7.6% 7% 5.8% 4.2% 4.6% 2.671 6% 5.0% 5% 3.433 2.402 8% 3.891 4.235 4.570 4% 3% 2.939 2% 1% 0% 2004 2005 2006 2007 Foreigners (Mln) 2008 Share 2009 2010 Immigration in Italy Where do immigrants come from? 5 Table 1 - Immigrants residing in Italy. First 16 nationalities (31 December 2010). Nationality Units (x1000) Share (%) Cumulative Nationality Share Units (x1000) Share (%) Cumulative Share Romania Albania Morocco China. Ukraine 968.58 482.63 452.42 209.93 200.73 21.19 10.56 9.9 4.59 4.39 21.19 31.75 41.65 46.25 50.64 Tunisia Peru Ecuador Egypt Macedonia 106.29 98.60 91.62 90.36 89.9 2.33 2.16 2.0 1.98 1.97 63.8 65.95 67.96 69.94 71.9 Philippines 134.15 2.94 53.57 Bangladesh 82.45 1.8 73.71 Moldova 130.95 2.87 56.44 Sri Lanka 81.09 1.77 75.48 India 121.04 2.65 59.09 Total 16 countries 3449715 Poland 109.02 2.39 61.47 TOTAL 4570317 Source: own computation based on Istat 75.48 Immigration in Italy Where do immigrants settle? 6 Working-age foreign born population Working-age foreign born population (Share growth rates) Average shares (2004-2010) Average annual growth rates (2004-2010) Centiles Centiles (12.62,17.71] (10.00,12.62] (5.25,10.00] [1.75,5.25] (14.99,24.39] (12.23,14.99] (10.22,12.23] [-3.27,10.22] Immigration in Italy Where do immigrants work? 7 In 2010, more than 2 millions of immigrants were employed in Italy (> 9% of total Italian employed) Agricolture , 4.0% Other services , 42.4% Manufacture , 19.7% Construction, 16.8% Commerce, H&R , 17.1% Source: Istat Labour Force Survey How much do they cost? 8 12.6 €billions were spent in 2012 by the Italian government (1.57% of total public expanditure) to host immigrants: health services (3.7 billions) Education (3.5 billions) Social services ( 0.6 billions) Housing (0.4 billions) Justice (1.8 billions) Management expenditures by the Interior Ministry (1 billion) Economic transfers (1.6 billions) Source: Fondazione Leone Moressa How much do they pay? 9 More immigrants means more taxpayers.. In 2012 the Italian government earned 6.5 €billions : Income taxes (4.9 billions) Social security contributions ( 8.9 billions) Other taxes (2.7 billions) Source: Fondazione Leone Moressa And the winner is… 10 Expenditures 12.6 Source: Fondazione Leone Moressa Earnings 16.5 + 3.9 €/billions Concluding remarks 11 Foreigners represent an economic value for society This value tends to be underestimated in the public debate Migratory policy must be in line with the changing scenarios. 12 Thank you for your attention!