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The integrated building process
Information structures
Facilitate for an uncomplicated and efficiant transfer of
information between actors and processes and phases
during the building process and through the whole life
cycle of the building or the civil engineering work
Kjell Ivar Bakkmoen, Sector manager
Norwegian council for building standardization (NBR)
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From classification tables to object/class/reference libraries
• Started as a review of the existing classification tables.
• Starting point:
• Need for structuring of information in the facility management
phase - life cycle thinking
• Need for reuse of information from the construction phase to the
management phase
• Parallell with participation in ISO, ICIS, IAI etc.
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From classification tables to object/class/reference libraries
 ”Physical” tables:
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NS 3451 Building elements table
NS 3457 Building type table
NS 3420 Specification texts for building and civil engineering
NS 3421 Specification texts for installations
 Other tables:
 NS 3454 Life cycle costs
 NS 3455 Building functions
 NS 3940 Calculation of area and volume - relation to
 Type of area/space
 Type of rooms
 Localization
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From classification tables to object/class/reference libraries
2 BUILDING
21 Foundations
22 Structures
23 Outer walls
231 Primæry construction
233 Windows, doors etc.
233.x Outer doors
235 Cladding and surface
233.y Outer windows
24 Inner walls
241 Primæry construction
243 Windows, doors etc.
243.x Inner doors
245 Cladding and surface
243.y Inner windows
25 Floors
Door in building elements classification (NS 3451)
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From classification tables to object/class/reference libraries
R6 Doors, gates
R61 Doors
R61.1 Inner door
R62 Industry gates
R61.2 Outer door
R63 Garage doors
R61.3 Entrance door
R61.4 Sliding doors
Door in work section classification (NS 3420)
15 Wood.article interior
15/10 Bathroom panels
15/20/000 Inner doors 15/20/100 Out. doors
15/20 Doors
15/20/230 Slid. doors
15/24 Windows
15/20/420 Entr. doors
Door in product classification (NOBB 1995)
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From classification tables to object/class/reference libraries
• Classification tables are built on static hierarchies
normally made for a special and limited purpose
• No connection between the different tables
• Does not establish a common understanding of all built
objects
• Does not necessarily function for new purposes
• Not computer sensible
• Does not cover everything, especially regarding properties
• Conservative - experiences are connected to the existing
tables
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From classification tables to object/class/reference libraries
Actors
Producer, importer, consultants,
contractor, user, FM personal
informationsuppliers,
software companies
authorities
Stages
Idea, brief,
planning, execution
production, use,
operating, outphasing
demolishing
renovation
Aspects
Economy, logistic
timing, guaranties,
health, environment,
security, FM, maintenance
performance, properties
permits, sertificates
reuse, depony
Factors influencing the need for information
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From classification tables to object/class/reference libraries
Hinge
Door set
Door
Door frame
Hardware
Lock
Opphengsbeslag
Dør
Dørblad
Karm
Vrider / skilt
Låsbeslag
Singular understanding of the concept doorset, door, door frame
(door is_part_of doorset, door frame is_part_of doorset)
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From classification tables to object/class/reference libraries
Wall
Compact wall
Opening in wall
Door
Doorleaf
Window
Door frame
Hinge
Furring
Locking
Door split as physical parts
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Canals/ducts
Karmlist
Hardware
From classification tables to object/class/reference libraries
A Fire safety system
AA Fire escape
AAA Doors
AAB Corridors
AB Fire wall
AAC Stairs
AC Fire alarm
AAD Exit
Door in functional system (example)
X Cleaning
XX Surfaces building
XXX Doors
XXY Floor
XXZ Wall
XY Surfaces interior
XXÆ Roof
Door in maintenance (example))
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XZ Equipment
From classification tables to object/class/reference libraries
Properties /Property classes
Fire rating class
B15
B30
B60
Sound class
B120
Insulation class
B240
Fire rating classes in a property structure
Width
Modular width
7M
8M
9M
Nominal width
10M
Production width
12M
Modular ”width”classes in a property structure
is_part_of
has_parts
is_type_of
has_types
Example of simple relations / associations
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From classification tables to object/class/reference libraries
24 Inner wall
243 Windows, doors
243.y Inner doors
R6 Doors, gates
R61 Doors
R61.1 Inner doors
15 Wood.articles interior 15/20 Doors
15/20/000 Inner doors
Wall
Opening in wall
Door
A Fire safety system
AB Fire escape
ABA Doors
X Cleaning
XX Surfaces building
XXX Doors
Property classes
Fire rating class
B60
Width
Modular width
10M
The object door with properties and in relation to building elements, work
sections, products, functional systems and operating functions
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From classification tables to object/class/reference libraries
243.y Inner door
is_type_of
is_type_of
243 Windows, doors
24 Inner wall
R61.1 Inner door
is_type_of
R61 Doors
is_type_of
15/20/000 Inner doors
15/20 Doors
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is_type_of
R6 Doors, gates
is_type_of
15 Wood.articles interior
Door
is_part_of
Opening in wall
is_part_of
Wall
ABA Doors
is_part_of
AB Fire escape
is_part_of
A Fire safety system
XXX Doors
is_part_of
is_part_of
XX Surfaces building
X Cleaning
B60
is_type_of
Fire rating class
is_type_of
Property classes
10M
is_type_of
Modular width
is_type_of
Width
The object door with properties and in relation to building elements, work
sections, products, functional systems and operating functions
From classification tables to object/class/reference libraries
• We need a computer sensible library of all built objects
• We need a framework for object oriented information where all those
information elements are referenced to each other - integrated
• A development towards an electronic model which will contain all
information from “bubble” to grave.
• Project documents will be snapshots of this model at a given time
• A parallel movement among people engaged in structuring of
information
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•
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ISO/TC 59/SC 13 (+ SC 14, SC 15)
ISO/TC 10/SC 8 Construction Documentation
IAI International Alliance for Interoperability
ICIS International Construction Information Society
ISO/TC 184/SC 4 STEP
From classification tables to object/class/reference libraries
• Cover all stages (same actors, need for common/similar environment)
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•
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•
•
Brief
Bubble diagrams
Drawings
Specifications
Calculation
Maintenance manuals
Information for demolishing
• Cover all kinds of building and civil engineering projects
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Furniture
Buildings
Roads
Railroads
Runways etc.
Require that all information is connected to well known, commonly agreed
objects with established/ defined relations, and that everybody refer to the
objects in the same way.
Common object/class/reference library?
Different words for the same child??
vocabulary
terminology
lexicon
lexis
repository
glossary
dictionary
classification
ontology
taxonomy
hierarchy
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
of common
terms for
(built objects
(building parts
(construction objects and
(properties
(attributes
(roles\
(relations
Objects library, Parts library, Class library, Reference data library, Machine readable dictionary,
Basic Semantic Unit (STEP Parts Lib), Data Element Type (DET IEC 61360) ?
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From classification tables to object/class/reference libraries
Bygg- og AnleggsReferanseBIbliotek – BARBI
Common terminology
Specialized view
Traditional classification tables
Terms according
to concept
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Reference library
Terms according to relation
for example
door
is_part_of
Specialized view
Object model
Terms according
to concept
Architect
Civil
Engineer
Structural
Engineer
Building
Owner
Contractor
Constr.
Manager
Facilities
Manager
HVAC
Engineer
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Architect
Civil
Engineer
Building
Owner
Structural
Engineer
SHARED
PROJECT
MODEL
Constr.
Manager
Facilities
Manager
HVAC
Engineer
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Contractor
Architect
Civil
Engineer
Structural
Engineer
Architect
modeller
Engineer
modeller
Building
Owner
Owner
browser
SHARED
PROJECT
MODEL
Constr.
Manager
Facilities
Manager
HVAC
Engineer
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Contractor Contractor
tool
Office
library
Architect
library
Building
Owner
Owner
browser
Architect
Engineer
library
Structural
Engineer
Architect
modeller
Engineer
modeller
SHARED
PROJECT
MODEL
Contractor Contractor
tool
Cost
catalogue
Product
catalogue
(NOBB)
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Best
solutions
(NBI)
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External
reference
(information)
data
(EN ISO etc.)
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From classification tables to object/class/reference libraries
1 Study
Find out what has been done
Understand principles for product modelling
Understand different product models
Understand the evolution which has been going on
(Avoid doing things twice)
2 Testing and developing
Test the most promising existing solutions with a typical built object
(The wall test case)
Test their ability to changes
Do necessary changes and development
3 Conclusions
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