Transcript Slide 1

ENERGY MIX & NEEDS
Matthew W. Rhoades
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Energy Basics by Source
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Petroleum
Natural Gas
Electricity
Coal
Nuclear
Renewable & Alternative Fuels
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Source Basics by Topic
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Production/Generation
Consumption
Reserves and Resources
Capacity
Prices
Import/Export
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OECD
Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development
AUSTRALIA
AUSTRIA
BELGIUM
CANADA
CZECH REPUBLIC
DENMARK
FINLAND
FRANCE
GERMANY
GREECE
HUNGARY
ICELAND
IRELAND
ITALY
JAPAN
KOREA
LUXEMBOURG
MEXICO
NETHERLANDS
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NEW ZEALAND
NORWAY
POLAND
PORTUGAL
SLOVAK REPUBLIC
SPAIN
SWEDEN
SWITZERLAND
TURKEY
UNITED KINGDOM
UNITED STATES
Countries invited to
membership talks
Enhanced
engagement
CHILE
ESTONIA
ISRAEL
RUSSIA
SLOVENIA
BRAZIL
CHINA
INDIA
INDONESIA
SOUTH AFRICA
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OPEC
The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
• Algeria
• the United Arab Emirates
• Angola
• Venezuela
• Ecuador (which rejoined OPEC in
November 2007)
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Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Kuwait
Libya
Nigeria
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
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Petroleum
• The word petroleum generally refers to crude oil or the
refined products obtained from the processing of crude
oil (gasoline, diesel fuel, heating oil, etc.) We find
petroleum products in every area of our lives. They are
easily recognized in the gasoline we use to fuel our cars
and the heating oil we use to warm our homes. However,
petroleum-based components are also used in plastics,
medicines, food items, and a host of other products.
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Petroleum
Production-Global
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The top five oil producing
countries, which together
accounted for about 43% of total
world production, were: Russia,
Saudi Arabia, the United States,
Iran, and China.
The Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries (OPEC),
which includes Saudi Arabia,
produced about 44% of the world
total.
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Petroleum
Production & Imports: U.S.
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In 2006, total U.S. domestic crude
oil production, including Federal
offshore, averaged a decrease of
about 47% from 1970.
The top six crude oil-producing
States in 2006 (and their percent
share of total domestic production)
were Texas (21%), Alaska (15%),
California (12%), Louisiana (4%),
Oklahoma (3%), and New Mexico
(3%).
Production on Federal offshoreleases in the Gulf of Mexico in
2006 was about 25% of total U.S.
production.
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Petroleum
Production & Imports: U.S.
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U.S. domestic crude oil production
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peaked in 1970 and since then
imports of crude oil and of refined
petroleum products have
contributed a growing share of the
petroleum supplied to meet U.S.
demand (see graph at right).
In 2006 the top two countries we
imported crude oil from were our
neighbors: Canada and Mexico.
The U.S. imports crude oil from
over 60 countries. 69% of net
imports of crude oil were from five
countries: Canada, Mexico, Saudi
Arabia, Venezuela, and Nigeria.
Imports from all OPEC countries
were 47% of total U.S. crude oil
imports.
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Petroleum
Consumption - U.S.
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Petroleum
Consumption - Global
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Reserves - Global
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Petroleum
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Reserves – U.S.
Petroleum
• Total proved reserves of crude oil
in the United States, as of yearend 2006, are 20.97 billion barrels,
a 3.6 percent decrease from those
of 2005.
• Thirty-one States have crude oil
reserves.
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Texas, with 4.9 billion barrels
Alaska, with 3.9 billion barrels
California, with 3.4 billion barrels
Wyoming, with 706 million barrels
New Mexico, with 696 million barrels.
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Natural Gas
• Natural gas is mostly methane. It is best known as the
fuel that produces the blue flame that heats our food, our
water, and our homes and buildings. It is also used to
generate electricity, provide heat for industrial
processes, and as a raw material to produce
petrochemicals, plastics, paints, and a wide variety of
other products.
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Natural Gas
Consumption – U.S.
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In 2005, U.S. natural gas consumption reached
22.2 trillion cubic feet (Tcf), down 1 percent from
2004.
The historical peak in U.S. natural gas
consumption occurred in 2000 when 23.3 Tcf
were consumed.
Total U.S. natural gas consumption is forecasted
to increase from 22.2 Tcf in 2005 to 26.1 Tcf in
2030.
Most of the increase is seen before 2020, when
total U.S. natural gas consumption reaches 26.3
Tcf.
After 2020, high natural gas prices limit
consumption to about 26 Tcf through
2030. Consequently, the natural gas share of
total energy consumption drops from 23 percent
in 2005 to 20 percent in 2030.
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Production
Natural Gas
• The Federal Offshore Gulf of Mexico and five States accounted
for the majority of the natural gas production in the United States,
comprising 76.6 percent of the total in 2006:
– Texas (27.8 percent)
– Federal Offshore Gulf of Mexico (15.7 percent)
– Wyoming (9.4 percent)
– Oklahoma (8.6 percent)
– New Mexico (8.1 percent)
– Louisiana (6.8 percent)
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Natural Gas
Reserves
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Coal
• Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black
sedimentary rock composed mostly of carbon and
hydrocarbons. It is the most abundant fossil fuel
produced in the United States. Over 90 percent of the
coal used in the United States is used to generate
electricity.
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Coal
Consumption
• During 2005, a record was consumed in the United
States.
• The greatest demand for coal was by electricity
generating plants that burn coal to produce electricity. 92
percent of the total, was used by the electric power sector
to produce about half (49.7 percent) of all electricity
generated.
• Each ton of coal consumed at an electric power plant
produces about 2,000 kilowatt-hours of electricity. A
pound of coal supplies enough electricity to light ten 100watt bulbs for about an hour.
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Coal
Reserves
• The distribution of coal reserves around the world varies
notably from that of oil and gas.
• Significant reserves are found in the United States and
Russia but not in the Middle East.
• The United States with 27 percent and Russia with 17
percent account for nearly half of global coal reserves.
China (13 percent), Australia (9 percent), South Africa (5
percent), and Kazakhstan (3 percent) also have
significant amounts of the world's recoverable coal
reserves.
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Projections
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Coal
From 2004 to 2030, coal production in China, the United States, and India,
driven by growing coal consumption, is projected to increase. It is assumed
that most of the demand for coal in China, the United States, and India will
continue to be met by domestic production.
The projected increases in coal production for the three countries dominate
the overall trends in the OECD and non-OECD regions, accounting for 71
percent of the increase in production for the entire OECD region and 79
percent of the increase in the non-OECD region. Increased demand for
international trade is expected to support production increases in
Australia/New Zealand, Russia, other non-OECD Asia, Africa, and Central
and South America (excluding Brazil).
China and India together account for 72 percent of the projected increase in
world coal consumption from 2004 to 2030. Strong economic growth is
projected for both countries, and much of the increase in their demand for
energy, particularly in the industrial and electricity sectors, is expected to be
met by coal.
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Coal
Projections
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Electricity
• Electricity is a secondary energy source which means
that we get it from the conversion of other sources of
energy, like coal, natural gas, oil, nuclear power and
other natural sources, which are called primary sources.
The energy sources we use to make electricity can be
renewable or non-renewable, but electricity itself is
neither renewable or non-renewable.
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Electricity
Generation
• In 2006, coal generated the
largest share of electricity 49%.
• Natural Gas generation
accounts for 20%.
• Nuclear-powered generation
accounts for 19%.
• In 2006, hydroelectric
generation had the fourth
largest share (7%) of electricity
production.
• All other renewables account
for only 3% of electricity
generation in 2006.
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Electricity
Generation – Current and Projected
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Electricity
Capacity – Current and Projected
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Electricity
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Nuclear
• A nuclear power plant operates basically the same way
as a fossil fuel plant, with one difference: the source of
heat. The process that produces the heat in a nuclear
plant is the fissioning or splitting of uranium atoms. That
heat boils water to make the steam that turns the
turbine-generator, just as in a fossil fuel plant. The part
of the plant where the heat is produced is called the
reactor core.
• Nuclear power accounts for about 19 percent of the total
electricity generated in the United States, an amount
comparable to all the electricity used in California,Texas,
and New York, our three most populous (having the
most people) states.
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Nuclear
Capacity
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Nuclear
Generation
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Nuclear
Projections
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Renewable
• Whereas fossil fuels are exhaustible, renewable energy
sources - water (hydropower), biomass, wind, heat from
the earth (geothermal), and the sun (solar energy) regenerate and can be sustained indefinitely. "Green"
renewables contribute much less to global warming and
climate change by offsetting fossil fuels used to generate
electricity.
• In 2005, about 6% of all energy consumed, and about
9% of total electricity production was from renewable
energy sources.
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Consumption
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Renewable
Renewable energy consumption increased 2
percent from 2004 to 2005, while total U.S.
energy consumption remained flat.
The electric power and industrial sectors
continued to have the largest portions of
renewable energy consumption with 56 and 29
percent of the market respectively.
The transportation sector has been on an upward
trend since 2001, and increased 17 percent
between 2004 and 2005. Growth in renewable
transportation fuels ethanol and biodiesel has
powered this growth.
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World Market Projections
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Energy Mix
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Energy Mix
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Energy Mix
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State – Level Energy Consumption
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Interesting Chart
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Fin
Questions?
or
Comments
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