Transcript Slide 1

Introduction and
citation conventions
Judy Reading using Angela
Carritt’s slides
“Why do I have to cite?”
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To give credit to the original author / creator
To show which sources you have consulted
To give greater authority to your own work
So that the reader can refer to the original work
If you don’t cite your sources you may be guilty of
plagiarism!
Its a scholarly thing to do!
More information about plagiarism from:
http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/epsc/plagiarism/
“When do I have to cite?”
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When you are quoting someone else’s
words or data or reproducing their
work
When you are paraphrasing or
reporting on someone else’s ideas,
works or research
You do not need to cite anything which
is common knowledge within your
discipline
“Is it just books that I have to
cite?”
No…
Books, book chapters, journal articles,
conference papers, statistics, theses,
patents, web pages, weblog posts, law
reports, statutes, parliamentary
proceedings, parliamentary documents,
government documents, interviews,
broadcasts, podcasts, videos…
“How to I cite?”
It depends on the citation style used by your
department but generally…
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Include a brief reference in the body of your
text at the point where you refer to someone
else’s work
Give fuller details of the work you are citing in
a separate part of your document (e.g. in
footnotes, endnotes or references section)
You may need a bibliography as well!
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Bibliography – what you have read on the topic
Footnotes/Endnotes/List of references – what you
have referred to
“What should I include in a
citation?”
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The citation style used by your department will
include detailed notes explaining exactly what you
need to include in a citation
The information you will need to provide will vary
depending on what type of work you are citing (e.g.
book, article, broadcast, web site)
In general you must
 include enough information for your reader to find
the work you are citing
 be consistent
“What are citation styles?”
Rules governing how you cite your sources:
1.
How to insert your citation in the text and
where to put your full citations
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What details you need to include in your full
citation for each type of document
i.e. what details do you need to include
when citing book…a journal article…a web
site…a conference paper etc
3.
Exactly how your reference should be laid
out formatted, and punctuated - in detail
Citation styles: Most citations
styles are based on…
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The Author date system
 Harvard (many different flavours)
 APA (American Psychological Association)
 MLA (Modern Languages Association)
Numerical systems
 Running notes style
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MHRA Modern Humanities Research Association
Numeric style
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Vancouver
IEEE
Author-Date Styles
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Sources are cited in the body of the text
by inserting the author’s surname and
year of publication in brackets
The full citations of all the sources cited
are given at the end of the text in
alphabetical order of author
e.g. Author-Date: In text citation
Why do tigers have stripes?
“Tyger! Tyger! burning bright ” (Blake 1794)
Traditionally scientists have believed that the striped
coats of tigers have evolved as a means of
camouflaging the tiger when hunting for prey. However,
recent research has shown that tigers prefer to wear
stripes (Jones and Brown 2006).
This has been
supported by a survey of tigers at the “Really rather
hard to find reserve” which revealed that that 87% of
Tigers preferred stripes over plain or spotted coats
(WWF 2008).
e.g. Author-Date: References
BLAKE, W. (1794). The Tyger. In S. HEANEY and T
HUGHES (Eds.) The rattle bag. London: Faber and
Faber, p. 444
 JONES, I. and F. BROWN. (2006). Tigers on the cat
walk. London: Sage.
 JONES, I and F. BROWN. (2007). ‘The designer tiger’.
Journal of Something Obscure and Unlikely, vol. 35,
no. 3, pp.25-89.
 SMITH,
M.S. different
(2007) flavours.
‘Tigers and zebras: friends after
Harvard
comes in many
Studentsall’.
MUST
consult of
departmental
guides
guidance, on
exact
Journal
Something
ElseforObscure
vol.
36, no.
formatting
layout.
1, and
pp.34-98.
 WORLD WILDLIFE FUND (2008) Tiger fashion survey
http://www.wwf.org/blah [Accessed 02/04/08)
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Notes on formatting citations using
Harvard
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BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION (1989) BS1629:1989,
Recommendations for references to published materials, London: BSI
BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION (1990) BS5605:1990,
Recommendations for citing and referencing published materials,
London: BSI
BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION (1989) BS 5271-1:2000, Copy
preparation and proof correction - part 1: design and layout of
documents, London: BSI
ANGLIA RUSKIN UNIVERSITY Harvard System of Referencing Guide @
http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm
UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST OF ENGLAND . The Harvard system
referencing guide @
http://www.uwe.ac.uk/library/resources/general/info_study_skills/harva
rd2.htm
UNIVERITY OF LIVERPOOL Referencing: a guide for University of
Liverpool online students @
http://www.liv.ac.uk/library/ohecampus/ref.htm
BOURNEMOUTH UNIVERSITY. BU guide to citation in the Harvard style
brief guide @
http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/library/citing_references/docs/Citing_R
Author-date variants
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APA is very similar to Harvard.
MLA uses page numbers instead of year
in the citation
Numerical referencing styles
Numerical systems
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Running notes style
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Superscript or bracketed number is inserted in the text
Full citation given in footnotes / endnotes at the end of
each chapter or the whole work
Every citation has a new number. If the same source is
cited many times it will have many different numbers.
British Standard “Running notes” system
Modern Humanities Research Association style
Numeric style
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Every unique citation has a new number. If the same source
is cited many times it is always cited using the same number
British Standard “Numeric” System
Vancouver
IEEE
e.g. Running notes system
Why do tigers have stripes?
“Tyger! Tyger! burning bright ”1
Traditionally scientists have believed that the striped coats
of tigers have evolved as a means of camouflaging the
tiger when hunting for prey. However, recent research2 has
shown that tigers simply prefer stripes.
This has been
supported by a survey3 of tigers at the “Really rather hard
to find reserve” which showed that 87% of Tigers preferred
stripes over plain or spotted coats.
The main reason for tiger’s preference for spotted coats
has developed as a reaction to the spotty coast of their
natural enemy the Leopard4. However, Smith5 has pointed
out that the tigers fondness for stripes is also based on
their admiration for Zebras. His indepth study of the Indian
tiger revealed that Tigers hold zebras for their for their
“stylish dress sense” 6 and contribution to road safety. This
has been born out by the WWF survey7 of Tigers in which
89% of zebras admired Zebras over other animals.
e.g. Running notes - footnotes
/ endnotes
BLAKE, W. “The Tyger.” The rattle bag. Eds. Seamus Heaney
and Ted Hughes. London: Faber and Faber, 1997. p. 444
2.
JONES, I. and BROWN, F. Tigers on the cat walk. London:
Sage, 2006.
3.
WORLD WILDLIFE FUND. Tiger fashion survey, 2008.
Available at http://www.wwf.org/blah [Accessed 02/04/08]
4.
JONES, I and BROWN F. The designer tiger. Journal of
Something Obscure and Unlikely, 2007, vol. 35, no. 3, pp.2589.
5.
SMITH, M.S. Tigers and zebras: friends after all. Journal of
Something Else Obscure, 2007, vol. 36, no. 1, pp.34-98.
Running notes comes in many different flavours.
6.
Ibid. p 36
Students MUST consult departmental guides for guidance on exact
7.
WWF.
op. cit. p.6
formatting
and layout.
1.
Running-notes style variants
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Also known, mostly outside Britain, as
the Chicago, Turabian, Oxford or
Cambridge style
Numeric reference style
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Why do tigers have stripes?
“Tyger! Tyger! burning bright ”(1)
Traditionally scientists have believed that the striped coats
of tigers have evolved as a means of camouflaging the
tiger when hunting for prey. However, recent research (2)
has shown that tigers simply prefer stripes.
This has
been supported by a survey (3) of tigers at the “Really
rather hard to find reserve” which showed that 87% of
Tigers preferred stripes over plain or spotted coats.
Vancouver
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2.
3.
Blake W. Tyger. In Heaney S, Hughes, H (Eds) The
rattle bag. London: Faber and Faber, 1982, p 444.
Jones I, Brown F. Tigers on the cat walk. London:
Sage, 2006.
WWF [Tiger fashion survery on the internet].
London: WWF. 2006. [cited 2008 Apr 2]. Tiger
fashion survey; Available from:
http://www.wwf.org/blah site.
Vancouver comes in many different flavours.
Students MUST consult departmental guides for guidance on exact
formatting and layout.
Notes on formatting using the
Vancouver and IEEE systems
Vancouver
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MONASH UNIVERSITY LIBRARY. Vancouver style (uniform
requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals)
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THE UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND. References/Bibliography
Vancouver Styles “How to” guide
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UNIVERSITY COLLEGE DUBLIN. Vancouver style guide@
http://www.ucd.ie/library/students/information_skills/vancouver.html
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UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRLIA, Vanouver citation sytle @
http://www.library.uwa.edu.au/education_training_and_support/guides
/vancouver_citation_style
IEEE
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UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE. IEEE Style @
http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/cite/ieee/index.html#essentials
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Monash University Library. Institute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineers (IEEE) style examples@
http://www.lib.monash.edu.au/tutorials/citing/ieee.html
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UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY. IEEE citation style guide @
http://www.ucalgary.ca/libold/subjects/ENGG/IEEE%20Citation%20Style%20Guide.pdf
General references
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NEVILLE C. (2007). The complete guide to
referencing and avoiding plagiarism.
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Maidenhead: Open University Press
PEARS R. and G. SHIELDS (2008) Cite them
right: the essential referencing guide.
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Newcastle: Pear Tree Books
FISHER D. and T. HANSTOCK. (1998) Citing
references: a guide for students. Oxford:
Blackwells