Transcript European organic livestock farming

Organic animal production in
Estonia and in EU
Principles of organic animal
production
Ragnar Leming
Estonian University of Life Sciences,
Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences
Outline of presentation
• Organic livestock production in Estonia and in
Europe
• Principles and legal definition of organic farming
• Characteristics of organic livestock production
Organic Livestock in Estonia 2009
45000
40000
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
38%
38700
9%
21200
3%
3050
Cattle
Dairy Cattle Sheep and
Goats
0,4%
34%
0,1%
1780
300
Horses
Pigs
Allikas: Taimetoodangu Inspektsioon; ESA, PM põllumajandusturu korraldamise osakond
6600
Poultry
Organic Livestock in Estonia
Cattle 2001-2008
20000
18205
18000
16000
15890
14206
14000
11916
12000
10111
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
7620
3365
4392
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Organic Livestock in Estonia
Sheep&Goats 2001-2008
40000
33860
35000
27932
30000
22801
25000
17182
20000
15000
11201
10000
5000
5510
934
1919
2001
2002
0
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Characteristics of Organic Livestock
Production in Estonia
• More than 60% of organic farms are livestock farms
• Grassland-based animals are most common (cattle,
sheep, horses)
• Pigs and poultry are mainly kept for own consumption
• Problems areas in organic livestock:
– Old tethering housing systems
– Lack of knowledge and advise in animal health issues
– Lack of processing facilities inhibits further
development
– Subsidy oriented farmers
Organic farming in
the EU, 2005
Source: FiBL, 2006
Area (ha)
%
No. farms
%
Austria
360 972 14,2
20 310 11,5
Belgium
22 996 1,7
693 1,4
Cyprus
1 698 1,1
305 0,7
Czech Republic
254 982 6,0
829 2,0
Denmark
145 636 5,6
2 892 6,0
Estonia
59 862 7,2
1 013 3,7
Finland
147 587 6,5
4 296 6,1
France
560 838 2,0
11 402 2,0
Germany
807 406 4,7
17 020 4,4
Greece
288 255 3,1
14 614 1,2
Hungary
123 569 2,9
1 553 0,2
Ireland
35 266 0,8
978 0,7
Italy
1 067 102 8,4
44 733 2,6
Latvia
118 612 4,8
2 873 2,2
Lithuania
69 430 2,5
1 811 0,7
Luxembourg
3 243 2,5
72 3,0
Malta
14 0,1
6 0,1
Netherlands
48 765 2,5
1 377 1,7
Poland
167 740 1,0
7 183 0,4
Portugal
233 458 6,3
1 577 0,5
Slovakia
92 191 4,9
196 0,3
Slovenia
23 499 4,8
1 718 2,2
Spain
807 569 3,2
15 693 1,5
Sweden
200 010 6,3
2 951 3,9
U.K.
619 852 3,9
4 285 1,7
Sum EU
6 260 553 3,8
160 380 1,7
Organic farming in
the EU, 2005
Source: FiBL, 2006
Area (ha)
%
No. farms
%
Austria
360 972 14,2
20 310 11,5
Belgium
22 996
1,7
693
1,4
Cyprus
1 698
1,1
305
0,7
90%of
farms
are
Czech Republic
254 982
6,0
829
2,0
livestock farms
Denmark
145 636
5,6
2 892
6,0
Estonia
59 862
7,2
1 013
3,7
Finland
147 587
6,5
4 296
6,1
France
560 838
2,0
11 402
2,0
Germany
807 406
4,7
17 020
4,4
Greece
288 255
3,1
14 614
1,2
Hungary
123 569
2,9
1 553
0,2
Ireland
35 266
0,8
978
0,7
Italy
1 067 102
8,4
44 733
2,6
Latvia
118 612
4,8
2 873
2,2
Lithuania
69 430
2,5
1 811
0,7
Luxembourg
3 243
2,5
72
3,0
Malta
14
0,1
6
0,1
Netherlands
48 765
2,5
1 377
1,7
Poland
167 740
1,0
7 183
0,4
Portugal
233 458
6,3
1 577
0,5
Slovakia
92 191
4,9
196
0,3
Slovenia
23 499
4,8
1 718
2,2
Spain
807 569
3,2
15 693
1,5
Sweden
200 010
6,3
2 951
3,9
U.K.
619 852
3,9
4 285
1,7
Sum EU
6 260 553
3,8
160 380
1,7
Organic farming in
the EU, 2005
Source: FiBL, 2006
Area (ha)
%
No. farms
%
Austria
360 972 14,2
20 310 11,5
Belgium
22 996
1,7
693
1,4
Cyprus
1 698
1,1
305
0,7
Czech Republic
254 982
6,0
829
2,0
Denmark
145 636
5,6
2 892
6,0
Estonia
59 862
7,2
1 013
3,7
Finland
147 587
6,5
4 296
6,1
France
560 838
2,0
11 402
2,0
Germany
807 406
4,7
17 020
4,4
Greece
288 255
3,1
14 614
1,2
Hungary
123 569
2,9
1 553
0,2
Ireland
35 266
0,8
978
0,7
Italy
1 067 102
8,4
44 733
2,6
Latvia
118 612
4,8
2 873
2,2
Lithuania
69 430
2,5
1 811
0,7
Luxembourg
3 243
2,5
72
3,0
Malta
14
0,1
6
0,1
Netherlands
48 765
2,5
1 377
1,7
Poland
167 740
1,0
7 183
0,4
88% of farms
Portugal
233 458
6,3
1 577
0,5
are livestock
Slovakia
92 191
4,9
196
0,3
farms
Slovenia
23 499
4,8
1 718
2,2
Spain
807 569
3,2
15 693
1,5
Sweden
200 010
6,3
2 951
3,9
U.K.
619 852
3,9
4 285
1,7
Sum EU
6 260 553
3,8
160 380
1,7
Organic farming in
the EU, 2005
Source: FiBL, 2006
Area (ha)
%
No. farms
%
Austria
360 972 14,2
20 310 11,5
Belgium
22 996
1,7
693
1,4
Cyprus
1 698
1,1
305
0,7
Czech Republic
254 982
6,0
829
2,0
Denmark
145 636
5,6
2 892
6,0
Estonia
59 862
7,2
1 013
3,7
Finland
147 587
6,5
4 296
6,1
France
560 838
2,0
11 402
2,0
Germany
807 406
4,7
17 020
4,4
Greece
288 255
3,1
14 614
1,2
Hungary
123 569
2,9
1 553
0,2
80%of
farms are
Ireland
35 266
0,8
978
0,7
livestock farms
Italy
1 067 102
8,4
44 733
2,6
Latvia
118 612
4,8
2 873
2,2
Lithuania
69 430
2,5
1 811
0,7
Luxembourg
3 243
2,5
72
3,0
Malta
14
0,1
6
0,1
Netherlands
48 765
2,5
1 377
1,7
Poland
167 740
1,0
7 183
0,4
Portugal
233 458
6,3
1 577
0,5
Slovakia
92 191
4,9
196
0,3
Slovenia
23 499
4,8
1 718
2,2
Spain
807 569
3,2
15 693
1,5
Sweden
200 010
6,3
2 951
3,9
U.K.
619 852
3,9
4 285
1,7
Sum EU
6 260 553
3,8
160 380
1,7
Organic farming in
the EU, 2005
Source: FiBL, 2006
Area (ha)
%
No. farms
%
Austria
360 972 14,2
20 310 11,5
Belgium
22 996
1,7
693
1,4
Cyprus
1 698
1,1
305
0,7
Czech Republic
254 982
6,0
829
2,0
Denmark
145 636
5,6
2 892
6,0
Estonia
59 862
7,2
1 013
3,7
Finland
147 587
6,5
4 296
6,1
France
560 838
2,0
11 402
2,0
Germany
807 406
4,7
17 020
4,4
Greece
288 255
3,1
14 614
1,2
Hungary
123 569
2,9
1 553
0,2
Ireland
35 266
0,8
978
0,7
Italy
1 067 102
8,4
44 733
2,6
Latvia
118 612
4,8
2 873
2,2
Lithuania
69 430
2,5
1 811
0,7
Luxembourg
3 243
2,5
72
3,0
Malta
14
0,1
6
0,1
Netherlands
48 765
2,5
1 377
1,7
Poland
167 740
1,0
7 183
0,4
Portugal
233
458
6,3
1 577
0,5
Approx
64%
of
Slovakia
92 191
4,9
196
0,3
farms are
livestock
Slovenia
23farms
499
4,8
1 718
2,2
Spain
807 569
3,2
15 693
1,5
Sweden
200 010
6,3
2 951
3,9
U.K.
619 852
3,9
4 285
1,7
Sum EU
6 260 553
3,8
160 380
1,7
Organic farming in
the EU, 2005
Source: FiBL, 2006
Area (ha)
%
No. farms
%
Austria
360 972 14,2
20 310 11,5
Belgium
22 996
1,7
693
1,4
Cyprus
1 698
1,1
305
0,7
Czech Republic
254 982
6,0
829
2,0
Denmark
145 636
5,6
2 892
6,0
Estonia
59 862
7,2
1 013
3,7
60%
of
farms
are
Finland
147 587
6,5
4 296
6,1
livestock farms
France
560 838
2,0
11 402
2,0
Germany
807 406
4,7
17 020
4,4
Greece
288 255
3,1
14 614
1,2
Hungary
123 569
2,9
1 553
0,2
Ireland
35 266
0,8
978
0,7
Italy
1 067 102
8,4
44 733
2,6
Latvia
118 612
4,8
2 873
2,2
Lithuania
69 430
2,5
1 811
0,7
Luxembourg
3 243
2,5
72
3,0
Malta
14
0,1
6
0,1
Netherlands
48 765
2,5
1 377
1,7
Poland
167 740
1,0
7 183
0,4
Portugal
233 458
6,3
1 577
0,5
Slovakia
92 191
4,9
196
0,3
Slovenia
23 499
4,8
1 718
2,2
Spain
807 569
3,2
15 693
1,5
Sweden
200 010
6,3
2 951
3,9
U.K.
619 852
3,9
4 285
1,7
Sum EU
6 260 553
3,8
160 380
1,7
Organic farming in
the EU, 2005
Source: FiBL, 2006
Area (ha)
%
No. farms
%
Austria
360 972 14,2
20 310 11,5
Belgium
22 996
1,7
693
1,4
Cyprus
1 698
1,1
305
0,7
Czech Republic
254 982
6,0
829
2,0
Denmark
145 636
5,6
2 892
6,0
Estonia
59 862
7,2
1 013
3,7
Finland
147 587
6,5
4 296
6,1
France
560 838
2,0
11 402
2,0
Germany
807 406
4,7
17 020
4,4
Greece
288 255
3,1
14 614
1,2
Hungary
123 569
2,9
1 553
0,2
Ireland
35 266
0,8
978
0,7
Italy
1 06711%
102of farms
8,4 are 44 733
2,6
Latvia
118livestock
612 farms
4,8
2 873
2,2
Lithuania
69 430
2,5
1 811
0,7
Luxembourg
3 243
2,5
72
3,0
Malta
14
0,1
6
0,1
Netherlands
48 765
2,5
1 377
1,7
Poland
167 740
1,0
7 183
0,4
Portugal
233 458
6,3
1 577
0,5
Slovakia
92 191
4,9
196
0,3
Slovenia
23 499
4,8
1 718
2,2
Spain
807 569
3,2
15 693
1,5
Sweden
200 010
6,3
2 951
3,9
U.K.
619 852
3,9
4 285
1,7
Sum EU
6 260 553
3,8
160 380
1,7
Organic farming in
the EU, 2005
Source: FiBL, 2006
Area (ha)
%
No. farms
%
Austria
360 972 14,2
20 310 11,5
Belgium
22 996
1,7
693
1,4
Cyprus
1 698
1,1
305
0,7
Czech Republic
254 982
6,0
829
2,0
Denmark
145 636
5,6
2 892
6,0
Estonia
59 862
7,2
1 013
3,7
Finland
147 587
6,5
4 296
6,1
France
560 838
2,0
11 402
2,0
Germany
807 406
4,7
17 020
4,4
8% of
farms3,1
are
Greece
288
255
14 614
1,2
livestock farms
Hungary
123 569
2,9
1 553
0,2
Ireland
35 266
0,8
978
0,7
Italy
1 067 102
8,4
44 733
2,6
Latvia
118 612
4,8
2 873
2,2
Lithuania
69 430
2,5
1 811
0,7
Luxembourg
3 243
2,5
72
3,0
Malta
14
0,1
6
0,1
Netherlands
48 765
2,5
1 377
1,7
Poland
167 740
1,0
7 183
0,4
Portugal
233 458
6,3
1 577
0,5
Slovakia
92 191
4,9
196
0,3
Slovenia
23 499
4,8
1 718
2,2
Spain
807 569
3,2
15 693
1,5
Sweden
200 010
6,3
2 951
3,9
U.K.
619 852
3,9
4 285
1,7
Sum EU
6 260 553
3,8
160 380
1,7
Organic animals in the EU 25 and main
producing countries
2002
2003
2004
Animal
category
Major producing
countries
Bovine
1.4 million 1.5 million 1.56
million
Austria, Germany,
Italy and Denmark
Sheep
1.71
million
1.63
million
1.8 million
Italy, UK, Germany
and France
Pigs
553,000
472,000
493,000
Austria, Germany,
Denmark, France and
UK
Chicken
(layers and
broilers)*
16.1
million
17.3
million
18.3
million
France, UK,
Germany and
Denmark
Source: Padel (2005) and Padel and Lowman (2005)
Area payments in
organic farming
(€/ha), 2003/4
Source: Stolze & Lampkin, 2006
AT
BE
CH
CZ
DE
DK
EE
ES
FI
FR
GR
HU
IE
IT
LT
LU
LV
NL
PL
PT
SE
SI
SK
UK
In conversion
Arable
Grass
327
251
500-600
425-450
526
131
110
34
200-300
200-300
271
271
97
74
92
117
147
103
366
160
335
100
178
59
181
181
150-200
100-200
416
118
200
200
139
139
148
136
149
72
228
210
151
58
460
230
149
99
261
203
Continuing OF
Arable
Grass
327
251
240-350
55-275
526
131
110
34
150-190
150-190
117
117
97
74
92
117
147
103
183
80
335
100
127
59
91
91
100-200
100-200
416
118
150
150
82
81
131
57
190
175
151
58
460
230
75
50
44
33
Average
payment
291
248
43
182
78
85
162
119
203
404
97
337
172
227
104
141
135
243
36
Characteristics of Organic Livestock
Production in EU
• More than 50%? of organic farms are livestock farms
• Grassland-based animals are most common (cattle,
sheep)
• Diversity of European livestock farming systems
–
–
–
–
–
–
Climate and land quality
Intensive / extensive animal husbandry
Different types of herds (mixed / specialised, sizes etc.)
Different levels of organisation (food chains /marketing)
Different consumer preferences
Huge variation in product and process quality
Source: D.Younie, 2005
Definition of organic farming
• Definition in terms of principles
• Definition in legal terms
Definition of organic livestock farming (a):
Some IFOAM principles of organic production
• To give all livestock conditions of life with due consideration
for the basic aspects of their natural behaviour
• To create a harmonious balance between crop production
& animal husbandry
• To encourage & enhance biological cycles within the
farming system
• To interact in a constructive & life-enhancing way with
natural systems and cycles
• To produce food of high quality in sufficient quantity
Basic aims of organic livestock production
• Maintenance of animal welfare
• Focus on ’naturalness’
–
–
–
–
–
–
Species-specific
Appropriateness of genotype
Ability to express natural behaviour
Relationship between mother and offspring
Flock/herd size
Nutrition
• Harmony with environment, humans, other animals
• Production of healthy soil, healthy livestock,
healthy food Source: D.Younie, 2005
Features of EU Regulation on organic
livestock production
•
•
•
•
•
Feed: ’natural’ & species-specific
Preventative health strategies
Minimise veterinary drug inputs
Access to range
Housing: loose housing, bedding,
minimum space allocation
• Later weaning
Source: D.Younie, 2005
Features of EU Regulation on organic
livestock production
•
•
•
•
•
Feed: ’natural’ & species-specific
Preventative health strategies
Minimise veterinary drug inputs
1991R2092 — EN — 01.05.2004 — 018.002 — 29
Access to range
Housing: loose housing, bedding,
minimum space allocation
• Later weaning
5. Disease prevention and veterinary treatment
5.1. Disease prevention in organic livestock production shall be
based on
the following principles:
(a) the selection of appropriate breeds or strains of animals as
detailed in Section 3;
(b) the application of animal husbandry practices appropriate to the
requirements of each species, encouraging strong resistance to
disease and the prevention of infections;
(c) the use of high quality feed, together, with regular exercise and
access to pasturage, having the effect of encouraging the natural
immunological defence of the animal;
(d) ensuring an appropriate density of livestock, thus avoiding
overstocking
Features of EU Regulation on organic
livestock production
•
•
•
•
•
Feed: ’natural’ & species-specific
Preventative health strategies
Minimise veterinary drug inputs
Access to range
Housing: loose housing, bedding,
minimum space allocation
• Later weaning
Source: D.Younie, 2005
Features of EU Regulation on organic
livestock production
•
•
•
•
•
Feed: ’natural’ & species-specific
Preventative health strategies
Minimise veterinary drug inputs
Access to range
Housing: loose housing, bedding,
minimum space allocation
• Later weaning
Source: D.Younie, 2005
Features of EU Regulation on organic
livestock production
•
•
•
•
•
Feed: ’natural’ & species-specific
Preventative health strategies
Minimise veterinary drug inputs
Access to range
Housing: loose housing, bedding,
minimum space allocation
• Later weaning
Source: D.Younie, 2005
Greatest differences between organic and
conventional systems?
 Poultry
 Pigs
 Dairy
? Beef
? Sheep
Source: D.Younie, 2005
Methods of Producing an Egg
Conventional versus Organic
Principles of organic production
Not to exhaust:
• Land
• Animals
• Humans (and Farmers!)