Transcript Slide 1

Electronic Charting Standards and
Interoperability Issues in Marine GIS
Dr. V.V.L.N. SARMA
Civil Hydrographic Officer
GEO INTELLIGENCE INDIA, 14 JUNE 2013
National Hydrographic Office
DEHRADUN-248 001
[email protected]
Introduction .....
• Many initiatives, improvements, and path
breaking inventions led the ‘global
commons’ and the shipping industry to
become silent contributors to the country’s
growth.
• In the present era of increasing demand for
safety, security, and protection of
environment, waterborne transport is
going to play a vital role in global
economics and social requirements.
Source: AGCS Report, 2012
International seaborne trade – some facts
Source: AGCS Report, 2012
Source: AGCS Report, 2012
Source: AGCS Report, 2012
• In order to meet the primary objectives of marine
safety, security, and protection of environment,
International Maritime Organisation (IMO) and
International Hydrographic Office (IHO) are
continuously working on to develop standards for
various maritime requirements, especially marine
navigation.
• As a result, several international standards were
developed which include but not limited to S-52,
S-57, S-58, S-63 and the recent S-100.
IMO and IHO
• International Maritime Organisation (IMO) and
International Hydrographic Organisation (IHO)
regulate, coordinate and oversee the
standardization of equipment, personnel and
data required for maritime community.
• These are essential to safe guard the interests of
the maritime operations and protecting the
marine environment from disasters at sea due
to collision and accidents to the ships.
What is S-57 standard ?
• IHO Publication 57 (IHO S-57) is the IHO Transfer Standard for
Digital Hydrographic Data. The standard was formally adopted
as an official IHO standard in 1992.
• Its purpose was for the exchange of digital hydrographic data
between hydrographic offices, and for the distribution of
hydrographic data to manufacturers, mariners and other data
users (e.g., environmental management organizations).
•
It was developed so that the transfer of all forms of
hydrographic data would take place in a consistent and
uniform manner.
• However, to date, S-57 has been used almost exclusively for
encoding Electronic Navigational Charts (ENCs) for use in
Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS).
Present S-57 Users
 Hydrographic Offices
–Electronic Navigational Charts (ENCs)
 Other communities have S-57 based
products
– Additional Military Layers (AML)
– Marine Information Overlay (MIO)
– Inland ENC, etc.
Global ENC Coverage
Captain Robert Ward, Director IHB
Published ENCs
Confirmed in Production
Indian ENCs - 263
ECDIS
(ELECTRONIC CHART DISPLAY AND INFORMATION SYSTEM)
• ECDIS is a real time Geographic Information System (GIS)
in marine with the ENC as a base.
• ECDIS is a superior quality dynamic display and decision
support system
• It displays ENC, which is legal equivalent of paper chart
issued by hydrographic offices
• Its automatic position tracking, safety features like
various alarms, ability to set a safety contour and
updating capability allows the navigator to concentrate
on the navigational and ship management decisions.
ECDIS- Interfaces
Source: AGCS Report, 2012
Limitations in S-57 standard
• S-57 has been used almost exclusively for
encoding Electronic Navigational Charts (ENCs)
for use in Electronic Chart Display and
Information Systems (ECDIS).
• S-57 is not a contemporary standard that is
widely accepted in the GIS domain.
• It has an inflexible maintenance regime. Freezing
standards for lengthy periods is counterproductive.
Limitations in S-57 standard…..
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content and carrier (ISO 8211) combined
difficult to update / introduce new editions
lacks flexibility and ease of extension / development
used almost exclusively for official nautical charts
requires specific tools to use in GIS
To overcome these limitations, in November 2000, the
IHO approved a revision programme for S-57, that
resulted in a new framework geospatial standard called
“S-100 – Universal Hydrographic Data Model” (Ed
1.0.0 - January 2010).
What is S-100 ?
• S-100 is a Universal Hydrographic Data Model
adopted by the IHO on 1 January 2010, thereby
becoming an active international standard.
• S-100 provides a contemporary hydrographic geospatial
data standard that can support a wide variety of
hydrographic-related digital data sources, and is fully
aligned with mainstream international geospatial
standards, in particular the ISO 19100 series of
geographic standards, thereby enabling the easier
integration of hydrographic data and applications into
geospatial solutions.
- IHO
Why S-100 ?
• join mainstream GIS
– maximizes access to COTS software and development
• interoperability with other ISO 19100 based profiles
• new components not developed in isolation
• easier use of hydro data beyond HOs and ECDIS
users - coastal zone mapping, security, inundation modeling, etc
• extensible and active feature catalogue registry
• Plug-and-Play updating of data, symbology and
software enhancements
• The S-100 standard has been developed based
on experience gained through the development
and use of the existing IHO S-57 Standard).
• S-100 has been documented using an objectoriented notation known as the Unified
Modelling Language (UML). (Although UML
defines nine types of diagrams, only class,
object and package diagrams have been used in
S-100).
General confusion ?
• S-57 is NOT the ENC Product specification
• S-100 is NOT the ENC Product specification
S-57 and S-100: generic framework standards for
hydrographic and related
information
Any product specifications developed using S-100 would then follow
in an S-10n series. Under this schema, next-generation ENC Product
Specification based on S-100 is underway and is designated as
S-101.
Nomenclature
New possibilities with S-100
• Unbound Feature Concept dictionaries
• Feature catalogues
• Flexible version control : An entry is
classified as being either:
– valid (latest version)
– superseded (previous version/s)
– retired (no longer recommended for use)
– non valid (proposed but not accepted or no
longer acceptable)
• Metadata
• Spatial geometry
– wider range of database and encoding
applications
• Imagery and gridded data: This includes images
from sensors such as aerial photography or LIDAR,
photographs that can be associated with vector
based feature oriented data and scanned paper chart
products, commonly known as “raster Charts.”
• Multiple encoding
• Standardised product specifications
S-100 Management and Governance
Framework
• S-100 is supported by an organisational and
governance framework that will involve all the
stakeholder groups.
• The IHO is the principal sponsor and overall control
of the standard.
• However, the development and extension of the
standard to meet particular usergroup
requirements will be placed under the control of
those user-groups.
One of the most significant aspects in terms of
alignment with the ISO TC/211 19100 series of
standards is the employment of a registry and
registers.
• A “Registry” is the entire information system (or
location) in which a collection of Registers is
located. For details: http://registry.iho.int
• In the case of S-100, IHO is hosting a Registry that
provides a facility to store various Registers of
hydrographic-related information such as feature
data dictionaries, data types, and metadata.
• For each Register, there will be an organization
that will be responsible for its content and
management.
• A major benefit of the Registry concept is its
flexibility.
• Multiple versions of similar entries in a data
dictionary can be maintained using unique
identification and classification.
ISO PACKAGES
Source: Ward et al, 2008
* above list is incomplete
Will S-100 also be frozen?
• S-100 will never be “frozen” although the
frequency of new versions will be strictly
controlled by the IHO as the Registry Owner.
• There will be three types of change proposal
in S-100: clarification, correction and
extension.
• Any change proposal must be one of these
types.
Benefits:
• Using ISO-developed components and terminology will
help ensure that S-100 and future extensions are in the
mainstream of the geospatial information industry.
• Conformance with the ISO/TC211 standards will maximize
the use of commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) software
applications and development.
• New components of S-100 will not be developed in
isolation from the rest of the geospatial information
technology community.
Benefits . . . . .
• Any new requirements can be incorporated
within the established framework of ISO/TC211
based standards.
• S-100 will be interoperable with other ISO/TC211
standards and profiles.
• There are many national standards bodies that
will take full advantage of S-100 being aligned
with ISO/TC211 standards (For example: NSDI).
Bathy
ENC
3D &
Temporal
Inland
ENC
MIO
Nautical
Pubs
ICE
S-101
AML
Next Gen
ENC
Gridded
S-100 will support a greater variety of
data sources, products and services
S-101 – New Product Specification for the
Electronic Navigational Chart
• S-101 is a new Product Specification for the Electronic Navigational
Chart.
•
It is currently under development by the IHO Transfer Standards
and Maintenance Applications Development Working Group
(TSMAD). S-101 ENCs will remain, fundamentally, the basic
navigation tool for ECDIS and therefore, most of the features of the
S-57 ENC are retained.
• Aimed at improving the efficiency of the data and improving the
user experience.
• Many of the changes may appear obscure or innocuous, but taken
as a whole they will ensure that S-101 is, to a large extent futureproofed, unlike S-57 which is becoming ever more unmanageable.
Some of the benefits of S-101
• S-101 will eventually replace S-57 ENCs as the
fundamental nautical chart data used in ECDIS
• Many of the new features of S-101 such as
Information types and complex attributes will
improve its usability to the mariner
• Improved pick reports: S-101 cursor pick reports
will be based on a number of user customizations
allowing the returned data to be filtered by,
feature types, pick radius, themes etc.
• Reduced clutter on the ECDIS SCREEN
• Easy data loading based only on a set of predefined
scales aligned to standard radar ranges
• The concept of navigation purpose codes will be
restricted for use only in presenting ENCs in a visual
catalogue.
• The number of navigation purpose codes will also be
reduced to three; Port and Approaches, Coastal
Passage and Ocean Passage/Routing (presently there
are six purpose codes)
Migrating from S-57 Edition 3.1 to S-100
ENC data conforming to S-57 Edition 3.1 will continue to be a
requirement for typeapproved, IMO-compliant ECDIS for the
foreseeable future - even after S-100 has been released. As a
consequence, hydrographic offices will continue, as at present,
to produce Edition 3.1 ENC data to support this.
Interoperability issues
•
Demand for digital hydrographic data in S-57 format
has constantly been on the higher side. However, due
to its inflexible interoperability issues with other GIS
formats have made the present S-57 standard more
rigid and confined to ENC production only.
•
Moreover, there were no particular standards for land
GIS and more and more new formats are evolving,
thereby expecting the same to happen in marine GIS
too.
•
The aim of these standards is to meet the safe and
secured marine navigation, not for the interoperability
with other land GIS standards.
• S-57 standard was developed as transfer standard for
digital hydrographic data but not definitely to suit the
seamless integration of land and sea features.
• Real time navigation always demands for reliable data
content, high accuracy and more security.
• Despite the fact that the standards are meeting all
those maritime safety requirements, the only
limitation is their synchronisation with other GIS
formats.
• The object catalogue and attributes in S-57 standard
have an exhaustive coverage of land based objects too.
The same can be used by other GIS users as well.
•
These time-tested standards can further be improved by
adding more land based objects which would become a
comprehensive standard for both land and sea.
•
Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) and International
Organisation for Standards (ISO) are now active
participants in the development of S-100 and related
standards.
•
This combination of IHO, ISO and OGC and other
stakeholders would definitely bring in best standards to
overcome the shortfalls in S-57.
e-Navigation concept by IMO
• The International maritime Organization (IMO) is
developing the e-Navigation concept. Under this
concept, e-Navigation is defined as:
“The harmonized collection, integration, exchange,
presentation and analysis of marine information onboard and
ashore by electronic means to enhance berth to berth
navigation and related services for safety and security at sea
and protection of the marine environment”.
• The aim of the IMO is to develop a strategic vision for
e-navigation, to integrate existing and new
navigational tools, in particular electronic tools, in an
all-embracing system that will contribute to enhanced
navigational safety while simultaneously reducing the
burden on the navigator.
Way ahead:
– Accept the marine standards as they are,
because of their universal reach and
acceptance.
– Synchronisation with other standards - Insist
on the software industries for software
translators to read these standards rather than
reinventing the wheel.
– Bring other standards into the already timetested and proven to deliver the best to all
users and to the mariners in particular.
Way ahead…….
• Internationally, data exchange procedures for
marine data are already established, then
difficult to migrate from these standards to
new ones.
• Any improvements or upgradations to
the exisitng standards is only possible at
this level and overall change is extremely
difficult.
Conclusion
• Focussed efforts on standardisation of various
data formats are promising to resolve many issues
of interoperability.
• Coordinated work of IMO, IHO and OGC would
definitely bring in new standards of which some
are already developed and the others are in the
process that may make the life much easier for the
users and the global GIS community.
•Socio-economic factors would always push the
industries, stakeholders, researchers and users to
meet the day to day demands.
Conclusion …
• Science that is applied to meet any socio-economic
demand(s) takes the form of technology to address
such demand(s). Thereafter, this technology will
become infrastructure for continuous realisation of
those demands.
• Maritime regime is very dynamic and on one side,
demands in this field are progressively increasing
and on the other side, those demands have aptly
been met with the technology. However,
improvements are never ending likewise the
requirements.
“Yesterday’s Science is Today’s
Technology;
Yesterday’s Technology is Today’s
Infrastructure”
– anonymous.
Hope all developments in marine navigation
will keep the
“GLOBAL COMMONS”
more…
safe, clean and Peaceful”
“
Thank You
for Your
Kind Presence and
Patience