Transcript Document

Introduction to Class
and
The Nature of Science
Biology 162
Syllabus and Chap. 1
Table of Contents
PowerPoint
Guide
Syllabus and
Course Expectations
The Nature of Science
Pretest
PowerPoint Guide
I use PowerPoint along with a number of other tools through out the
term and want you to get the most out of the tools I do provide. The
following few slides are to show you how to utilize the tools available to
you.
?
Where do I get the Files?
• All files will be located on the class webpage
http://docireland.org/JCC/?page_id=569
• This is the course-specific subpage of the
overarching website.
http://docireland.org/JCC/
• These sites will be useful links to use,
bookmarking them never hurts.
What Will I Find There?
• The Main Web Page has my JCC Blog which
has all course announcements.
• The Course Specific Page contains things such
as…
– Grades
– PowerPoint Files
– Copies of hardcopy files
– Etc…
Do I need a fancy computer?
The majority of static-content files will be
available in PDF format. This can be read on any
decent computer with the free reader (click
either below to get the program).
http://get.adobe.com/reader/
Static-Content?
Static-Content means that nothing in the file is
able to be manipulated by the user. This would
be things like a document or a non-interactive
PowerPoint file.
What else is there?
• Some of the PowerPoint Presentations I will
be using have interactive features built-in to
help you navigate on your own. To use these
you need PowerPoint or the free PowerPoint
Viewer (click below).
Interactive PowerPoint?
Click the mouse or Press the Space Bar.
Sure, you guys have seen it before whenever
you have seen an animation in a PowerPoint.
Now click or press again.
However, PowerPoint has a lot more power to
navigate and interact with you than that, so
let’s play a little.
Use your Mouse to Click
on the icon to the right
Why fool around with it anyway?
The Art of Presenting versus Downloads
PowerPoint is first and foremost a Presentation software, meaning it is used
to give a presentation. We would get very bored if I simply read everything
off the slide verbatim, so good slides tend to have minimal text and images
and the audience listens to the speaker present. This aspect of the
presentation can be lost in a static download, so I will be embedding
explanations in the slides that will only be revealed if you click on the trigger
icon. This allows the presentations to be useful both inside and outside the
class, without becoming what are called (in a derogatory manner)
slideuments.
That’s it?!? No, just
click the Icon.
Okay… what else is there
Nonlinear Navigation
Click on the Icon below that looks like a
House… then click the one that looks like a
Left-Facing Arrow (don’t worry it will make
sense).
When you are done, click the ? Icon
Icons through out the presentations will allow you to move
through the Presentation in a nonlinear fashion. This will allow
me to add things in for you to use outside of class and not show
them in class. In addition, it allows you to easily jump through a
presentation in your own way.
?
What is with the Icons?
Icons, or symbols, are used throughout to
provide information with limited space used.
HOME – Hyperlink to Presentation Table of Contacts
FORWARD – Skip to the next section of the Presentation
BACK – Skip to the previous section of the Presentation
HELP – Unveils additional informational text on a slide
QUIZ – Hyperlink to a PowerPoint based self-quiz on the material
One More Thing…
I also added various hyperlinks to terms used in
the presentations to help with the difficult
terminology.
You simply need to hover your mouse over the
underlined terms and a glossary definition will
appear. Try it on the term above.
Syllabus and
Course Expectations
Here are the expectations of the course, including the breakdown for
grades and the assessment rubric.
Course Description
Fills requirement for some non-science majors.
Provides background for CEM 141 for those with no
recent high school chemistry. Fundamental
principles of chemistry such as states of matter,
simple atomic and molecular structure, and the
periodic classification of elements. The study of
water emphasizes the properties of solutions and
acid-base relations. Course includes a laboratory
component.
Prerequisites are ENG085 and MTH031 or higher.
Course Grades Scale
4.0 = 100% - 93.0%
3.5 = 92.9% - 86.0%
3.0 = 85.9% - 80.0%
2.5 = 79.9% - 75.0%
2.0 = 74.9% - 70.0%
1.5 = 69.9% - 65.0%
1.0 = 60.0% - 64.9%
0.5 = 50.0% - 59.9%
Lecture Assessments for Course
• Weekly Quizzes – 320 Points Total
There are nine weekly quizzes, each worth 40 points and the
highest eight count.
• Exams – 400 Points Total
There are five exams, each worth 100 points and the highest four
count.
Lab Assessments for Course
• Weekly Lab Reports – 90 Points Total
There are 10 regular labs through out the term, they will have
less complex reports and the highest nine will count.
• Formal Lab Reports – 100 Points Total
There are 2 lab that will have more extensive reports, these will
be worth 50 points a piece.
• Lab Quizzes – 60 Points Total
There will be 4 lab quizzes during the term and the highest 3 will
count.
Extra Credit and Make Up Policy
The simple answer is that there is no extra
credit (departmental policy) and no makeup work.
There is a departmental policy that prohibits the awarding of extra credit in
science courses. In addition, due to the fact that I drop your lowest quiz, exam
and lab, there should be no reason for any make-up work. This way I do not have
to judge a reason adequate or not, but at the same time you are responsible for
your own actions. If you make it till the end of the term without needing the
dropped scores, it will make your end of term easier… so try your best on every
section.
Use of Notes
• Weekly Quizzes: Any of your own handwritten notes.
I advise that you not rely on your notes as your sole support during the quizzes. The
quizzes are timed and if you have not studied you will not finish the work in time.
• Exams: A single 3X5 index card, both sides,
with any handwritten notes.
The purpose of the note card is to alleviate test anxiety with regards to the formulas
and terminology involved. Failure to study and practice at using this information will
make it worthless on the exam.
Attendance Policy
Since participation in the class is essential for
success, it is the policy of the course that you
will not be allowed to pass the class if you fail
to attend three (3) of more labs, miss two (2) or
more exams, or three (3) or more weekly
quizzes. Failure to meet these requirements will
result in being dropped (before midterm) or
failed (after midterm) if the student does not
withdraw or is not granted an Incomplete.
The Nature of Science
Is this how you view Science?
Phenomenon
Educated Guess
Hypothesis
Experimentation
Theory
Experimentation
Law
The Schoolhouse Rock Version of Science
This is meant to imply that it is an overly simplified version of what happens in
science. While we all liked those vignettes as kids, they only glossed over what
ever topic they covered. Now it is time to mature your view of science.
What is in a Meaning?
Apocalypse
The end of times or the end of the world.
Any revelation or prophecy visited
upon a few and withheld from many.
Scientific Thought
• Hypothesis - A testable statement about how
an experiment will turn out, informed by
scientific theory.
• Theory - A coherent group of general
propositions used as principles of explanation
for a class of phenomena.
• Law - a statement of a relation or sequence of
phenomena invariable under the same
conditions.
Modern Science
• Scientific Laws delineate the workings of the
physical world – The Law of Gravity
• Scientific Theories explain how the world
works and are accepted to be the best
available explanation – The Theory of Gravity
• Hypotheses are formed through the workings
of a theory
Revised View of Science
Hypothesis
Refine and
Test
Scientific Theory
Explain
Scientific Law
Allow Development of
Consequences of Revised View
• A scientific theory can never be proven, but is
accepted as the best explanation available at
the time.
• Scientific hypothesis and theory must be
falsifiable.
• Science is an evolving process
• Science cannot answer all questions
Pretest
This course demands a certain level of mathematical rigor. The required
math is not very difficult, but seems to be to most students since they are
math-phobic. The pretest is to give you an idea of where you stand in
terms of mathematical preperation for this class and to allow you to selfassess how much you need to do to catch up, if needed. This is not
graded
Pretest Instructions
This is intended for you to do outside of class.
The purpose of the pretest is to allow you to
self-assess where you are at the beginning of
this course with reference to your background
and prep. This is strictly a self-assessment and
will not be recorded or judged in any way. Run
this as a slide show and click the help icon at the
bottom of each page to uncover the answer.
Sample Question
What is the mascot for Jackson Community
College?
A. The Eagles
B. The Wolverines
C. The Emus
D. The Jets
Answer: D. The Jets
Click here for the answer
Question 1
Solve the following mathematics problem.
2
1
1
1
𝑥=
×
+
2
2
4
Answer: 3/8
Step 1: Square the first fraction = ¼
Step 2: Multiple that square by the second fraction = 1/8
Step 3: Find the least common denominator and add the answer for Step 2 to
the third fraction = 1/8 + 1/4 = 1/8 + 2/8 = 3/8
Question 2
How many electrons, valence electrons and
bonds can be formed by neutral carbon atoms?
Answer: Six electrons, four valence electrons and
four bonds
With an atomic number of 6 carbon has 6 protons and therefore six electrons at a
neutral state to balance out the charge of the protons.
The valence electrons are those in the outermost energy level, since the first two are
bound in the first level, only the next four (in energy level 2) count as valence
electrons.
For Main Group elements, only the valance electrons can participate in bonding, so
carbon will form four bonds.
Question 3
According to the current Theory of Evolution,
what is the measure of success in evolution?
Answer: Reproduction with the production of fertile
offspring.
The ability to survive to reproductive age, mate (or divide) and pass your unique genetic
characteristics onto fertile offspring is the only way to influence the genetic make-up of
future generations and therefore the evolution of the species as a whole.
Question 4
If one mole of an ideal gas is kept at 0˚C in a
1.00 atm pressure container, what volume
would the container be?
Answer: 22.4 L
Short answer, this is considered standard temperature and pressure, therefore the
volume is equal to Avagadro’s molar volume for a gas, 22.4 L.
General answer, you can use the ideal gas law (PV = nRT) to determine this answer,
just remember to use the appropriate R constant and convert the temperature to
Kelvin.
Question 5
Solve the following equation for R.
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
Answer:
𝑷𝑽
𝑹=
𝒏𝑻
This is a fairly simple rearrangement, but we will be using these types of equations
throughout the term and expecting that simple solutions are within your abilities.
Question 6
Which of the following is a polar compound?
A.
B.
C.
D.
CH4
CO2
NH3
N2
Answer: C. NH3
Ammonia is a polar compound because it has an unbonded pair of electrons, is
asymmetrical, and contains polar bonds. The rest of the molecules are symmetrical
and therefore cannot be polar.
Question 7
Label the compounds below as either molecular
of ionic compounds.
A. CH4
B. NH3
C. NaCl
D. HCl
E. H2
Molecular
Molecular
Ionic
Ionic
Molecular
Molecular compounds happen
between two nonmetals and
ionic compounds happen
between a metal and nonmetal.
Hydrogen has a special place in
the periodic table of being both
a metal and nonmetal.
Question 8
Mark each of the following as either soluble or
insoluble in water.
A.CH4
B.C6H12O6
C.NaCl
D.C3H8
E.HNO3
Insoluble
Soluble
Soluble
Insoluble
Soluble
A and D are insoluble due to
the fact that they are
nonpolar compounds and
therefore cannot be dissolved
in a polar solvent such as
water. The other three are
either polar or ionic
compounds and therefore
soluble
Question 9
Determine the conversions below.
A. 2.5 m = ______ cm
B. 0.12 km = _______ m
C. 125 μm = _______ mm
D. 24 ml = _______ l
E. 1 mg = _______ ng
250 cm
120 m
0.125 mm
0.024 l
1000000 ng
Question 10
Which of the statement below is more accurate
with regards to current scientific understanding?
A. The giraffe evolved by ancestors stretching to
reach higher and higher leaves, adding miniscule
amounts to the length of their necks and passing
this increase to their offspring.
B. The offspring born with slightly longer necks,
due to random mutation, were able to eat from
higher on the trees, therefore had less
competition and better survival, resulting in
more offspring.
Interpreting the Results
You should have been able to complete the
questions, without looking in a book, in about 1520 minutes. If you missed some here are my
recommendations.
Questions 1, 5, and 9 : Basic Mathematics, review
from Math text.
Questions 2, 4 and 6-8: Basic Chemistry, review
Chapter 2 in more detail from our text.
Questions 3 and 10: Basic Evolutionary Theory,
review Chapter 21 from our text.