Transcript 351 Spath - Computing Services for Students

351 Spath
Arab-Israeli conflicts
Israel/Palestine
Maps pre-1948 conflicts
Yishuv
1947 UN Partition Plan
1948 Israel
First Arab-Israeli War
of 1948 (review)
• Israel Declares State – 14
May 1948
• Arab Armies invade Israel
- 15 May, 1948
• Temporary cease fire,
followed by Israeli gains
beyond Partition Plan
• Cease fire, Israeli
recognition among UN
and major powers
Al-Nakba
(The Catastrophe)
• About 700,000 Palestinian
Arabs were forced or fled
from their homes (70%)
and property
• Ben-Gurion to cabinet,
“prevent their return”
• Destitution among
Palestinians in refugee
camps
1956 & 1967 Wars
1956 Suez War (review)
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Nasser opposition to Baghdad Pact
Czech Arms deal after border fighting in Gaza
Aswan High Dam Project & revocation of loan
Nasser’s Nationalization of the Suez
France, Britain, Israel invade Sinai
UNEF on border between Gaza Strip & Israel
and at Sharm al-Shaykh to ensure open straits
• Reputational effects
Egypt, Sinai, Strait of Tiran
1967 War Causes
• Long-term
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No recognition of Israel among Arab states
Arabs states’ Previous defeats
Israeli ‘hawkishness’ & excessive retaliation
Fear and mistrust by both sides (fuels arms buildup)
No resolution of refugee issue (Palestinians became focal point for Arabism)
• Proximate
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Arms buildup (cold war context)
Superpower interference (esp. Soviet ‘intelligence’)
Defense pacts between Egypt, Syria, Jordan
Turbulence in Syria (Salah Jadid, headwaters project, turn to S.U.)
Palestinian raids & border clashes b/w Syrians and Israelis in Golan
Nasser’s brinkmanship
Lack of diplomatic voices in warring countries and internat’l community
Six Day War -June, 1967
Arab Mobilization
Israel takes Sinai
Results
• Israel restored its image as a strong and independent state.
• Khartoum Resolution (1967)
• Israel was now three times bigger than it had been in 1966.
• The pan-Arab ideas of Nasser were losing legitimacy. He took a
great hit to his prestige.
• Israel now had the security risk of an extra 1 million Arab people
inside its own borders. About 1/3 million Arabs fled to Jordanwhere they were easy prey to PLO recruiters.
• Resolution 242 (accepted by Israel, Egypt, Jordan)
• Israel launched a huge settlement plan to occupy the land won with
people loyal to Israel.
Israel before and after the six-day war 1967.
War of Attrition (1967-1970)
1973 Yom Kippur War (Harb Tishrin)
Egyptian soldiers cross the canal by boat
- Bar Lev line
1973 War
• Last conflict b/w Israel and Allied Arab force
• Superior military engineering to cross Bar Lev Line
• Soviet and U.S. airlifts of support
– Saved Israelis from utter defeat as they almost ran out of
ammunition
• Israeli counter-offensive
• Ended in cease fire and Resolution 338
– Affirms resolution 242 & prompted Geneva Conference
(preceded the Egyptian-Israeli diplomacy and ultimately peace
agreement of 1979)
• Arab Oil Embargo (next week – Is oil a weapon?)
The Golan Heights.
• With seeming
success of Egyptian
army, Syria invaded
Israel from the North
over the Golan
Heights, making
initial gains but then
being rebuffed.
1982 invasion of
Lebanon
Sabra & Shatila…
Israel/Palestine:
Peace Process
Parties involved in the peace process
• On the Israeli side:
– Doves: Labor, Mapam & Arab parties
– Hawks: Likud, Gush Emunim & Nationalist parties (like
Yisrael Beiteinu – “no loyalty, no citizenship”)
– Pragmatist (Flip-floppers) – Shas
– Kadima - unilateral
• On the Palestinian side:
– Compromisers: The Palestinian National Authority,
Fatah, DFLP
– Purists: Hamas (changing?), Islamic Jihad, PFLP
• The United States
• Other: EU, UN, Russia [+ U.S. = Quartet]
Overview of the peace process
• By the 1991 Madrid Conference:
– Intifada
– Gulf War
– Demise of Soviet Union
– Labor government in Israel
• 1991-93:
– The issue of settlements
– Rabin’s election
• 1993: Oslo I Agreement:
– Mutual recognition between PLO & Israel
– 5-year program for Palestinian autonomy
Overview of the peace process – cont.
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1994: Return of Arafat to the Occupied Territories
1994: Israel-Jordan peace agreement
1995: Oslo II agreement
1995-2000: Breakdown:
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Assassination of Rabin
Israeli practices against spirit & letter of accord
Arafat’s monopolization of power
Increased popularity and violent activity of Hamas
• 2000-: Reversal
– Election of Sharon
– Second Intifada
– Reinvasion of PNA territories
OSLO II – toward expanding
Palestinian self-rule
• Creation of Palestinian Council to
administer the territories
•Redeployments of Israeli military from
some of the Occupied Territories
• Area A – administered by Palestinian
Authority in civil & security issues
• Area B – administered by PA in civil
issues, but security remains under Israeli
admin
• Area C – Israeli control w/ 3-phase
redeployment over 18 months; excludes
areas subject to final status negotiations &
religious sites; Israeli security overrides
•“Safe Passage”
• Recognition in Pal. Covenant
• Palestinian police, no other armed forces
• Further negotiations on final status
issues after implementation
West Bank & Gaza
2000 Camp David Summit
Reported Bridging
Proposal by Clinton
•Accepted as basis for further
negotiations
•Second round of negotiations at
Taba under Euro sponsorship
•No agreement. Ehud Barak pulls
out because he was up for election
• Road map (2002)
• Arab Peace Initiative (2002, 2007)
Israeli Strategies of Control
• Settlements
• Walls & Fences
• Confiscation and destruction of
property
• Roadblocks & checkpoints
• Prisons & Detention (roughly <
1,000)
• Inhibiting Trade (through Israel
only)
• Imposed embargo
• Permitted list vs. NotPermitted (objectionable) list
• Use of Informers
• Public employment of
Palestinians in Israeli
construction projects
• Divide Opposition
• All yields feelings of inferiority
Palestinian strategies for liberation
• Palestinian reliance on neighbor states
– Through comprehensive settlement
(Arab Peace Initative, 2002, 2007)
– Through economic & military
support
• Palestinian self-reliance—PLO
• Using neighbors’ territories—Jordan
and Lebanon
• Internal resistance—the two Intifada’s
(1987-91, 2000-04/05)
• From rock throwing to suicide
bombing to rocket attacks
• Negotiations
• Protest and Demonstrations (ISM, etc)
Conceptual issues…
• Exclusivist (rejectionist) and Accommodationist
-- competing claims of 2 peoples to exclusive right of national selfdetermination and sovereignty on same piece of land
 single-state (can be exclusivist b/c undermines the other)
 exclusivist to accommodationist trend (untenable status quo)
• Violent and non-violent (diplomatic vs. militaristic strategies for
resolution)
• RIPENESS
• Positive and Negative peace
-- Negative  absence of war or direct violence
-- Positive  transformation of society w/ principles of equality,
social justice, & nonviolence
Some of the issues…
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A bi-national state or a two-state solution?
Fixed, agreed-upon borders
Status of East Jerusalem
Jewish Settlements (land/growth)
– Law of Return and Nationality Law
• Fate of Palestinian refugees (compensation/return)
– Right of Return (Res. 194)
• Resource allocation (i.e. water issues)
• How sovereign should the Palestinian state be?
• Economic viability of Israel and Palestine
Some scenarios presented previously…
• Two states for two people
• Greater Israel (Palestinian transfer v. Palestinians as
citizens)
• Greater Palestine (P. state w/ Jews as citizens)
• Partial autonomy – Palestine controls civic affairs &
internal security of its territories, Israel administers
external security and controls land & resources
• Return to pre-Oslo situation – Israeli occupation
• Binational state on land of Palestine and Israel
The Role of Spoilers
Wood carvers in Deheisheh Refugee Camp
Har Homa Settlement
Israeli Only Highway leading to settlement
Separation Barrier