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Classification of Optical Discs
Compact Disc Physical Medium
Data Organization and Encoding
CD-ROM Drive
Compact Disc Types
DVD
Blu-ray Discs
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DVD
Overview
DVD-ROM
DVD-Video
DVD-Audio
DVD-R
DVD+R
DVD-RAM
DVD-RW
DVD+RW
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DVD – Digital Video Disc, Digital Versatile Disc
Developed by the DVD Consortium  changed
into DVD Forum (www.dvdforum.org)
Characteristics:
1, 2, 3, or 4 layers
Higher capacity: 4.38 GB (1 layer), 15.9 GB (4
layers)
Pit size is smaller
Distance between tracks is lower
Wavelength of the laser beam: 650 nm
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CD
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DVD
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Single-Sided and Double-Sided DVD Discs
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The capacity of a double-sided disc is less
than double the capacity of a single-sided
disc:
The minimum pit length on both sides is
increased from 0.4 µm to 0.44 µm
The linear speed of the beam is 3.84 m/s on
single-sided discs, compared to 3.49 m/s on
double-sided discs
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DVD
Overview
DVD-ROM
DVD-Video
DVD-Audio
DVD-R
DVD+R
DVD-RAM
DVD-RW
DVD+RW
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Sector size: 2064 B (2048 – data)
The sector is divided into 12 lines x 172 B
First line: contains the sector header (12 B)
Sector identifier (ID) (4 B)
Error correction code for the ID (2 B)
Reserved area (6 B)
The next 160 B of the first line contain data
The last line contains 4 B for error detection
and correction of the data area
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A number of 16 sectors make a block
Sectors are placed dispersed on the disc
10 bytes are added to the lines of each
sector for the error correction code (ECC)
A block contains 16 additional lines for the
ECC
This results in a block of 37,856 B
For recording both the CLV method and
the CAV method are allowed
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DVD discs can use the UDF (Universal Disk
Format) file system
Defined by OSTA (Optical Storage Technology
Association), www.osta.org
Based on ISO 13346/ECMA-167 standard
Intended for DVD and CD-R/RW discs as
replacement of the ISO 9660 system
OS independent
UDF defines the data structures, character
sets, read/write methods
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DVD
Overview
DVD-ROM
DVD-Video
DVD-Audio
DVD-R
DVD+R
DVD-RAM
DVD-RW
DVD+RW
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Contains compressed video information
Wide-screen video format
Movies have aspect ratios of 16:9 or 20:9
Options for transferring movies to video
format for screens with 4:3 aspect ratio
Cropping the sides of the picture
Shrinking the picture (“letterbox” format)
DVD discs allow to record movies with the
aspect ratio of 16:9  high definition TV sets
(HDTV)
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Interactivity
It is possible to play the movie from any
place, pause playing, play in slow motion or
fast forward
Applications:
Multiple endings for a movie
Interactive video games
Recording from multiple camera angles
The disc is divided into titles (movies or
albums) and parts of titles (chapters)
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Titles are composed of cells linked by one or
more program chains  sequential or
random playback
Individual cells can be used by several
program chains
Multiple subtitles and languages
32 tracks for subtitles
Up to 8 sound tracks for different languages
(each with multiple channels)
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Higher quality video
The digital video information is compressed
through the MPEG-2 method
Video systems that can be used:
PAL/SECAM: 625 lines, 25 frames/s (interlaced)
NTSC: 525 lines, 29.97 frames/s (interlaced)
Pictures with 24 frames/s originated from
movies, in progressive (non-interlaced)
mode, are also typical
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Maximum resolution of pictures:
720576 (PAL, 25 frames/s)
720480 (NTSC, 29.97 frames/s)
For uncompressed video images, the bit rate
is 124.416 Mbits/s
Maximum bit rate for compressed video
images: 9.8 Mbits/s; average rate: ~3.5
Mbits/s (a reduction of 36:1)
Number of lines for the TV sets: 540
(standard TV), 405 (16:9 wide-screen TV)
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Higher quality audio
Each of the 8 audio tracks can have one of
the following three formats:
LPCM (Linear PCM): 1 up to 8 channels
Dolby Digital (AC-3): 1 up to 5.1 channels
MPEG-2 audio: 1 up to 5.1 or 7.1 channels
Other two optional formats are provided
(require external decoders):
DTS (Digital Theater System)
SDDS (Sony Dynamic Digital Sound)
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Dolby Digital
Multi-channel digital audio format
Uses a lossy coding technology (AC-3) of the
original PCM audio data
Sampling rate: 48 KHz, up to 24 bits per
sample
Bit rate: 64 .. 448 Kbits/s (384 Kbits/s for 5.1
channels)
Format used for the audio tracks of most DVD
discs
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MPEG audio
Multi-channel digital audio format
Uses a lossy compression of the original PCM
audio data
The MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 formats are supported
Sampling rate: 48 KHz, 16 bits per sample
Bit rate: 32 .. 912 Kbits/s (384 Kbits/s is the
normal average rate)
The MPEG-2 Layer-3 (MP3) and MPEG-2 AAC
(Advanced Audio Coding) formats are not
supported
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DVD
Overview
DVD-ROM
DVD-Video
DVD-Audio
DVD-R
DVD+R
DVD-RAM
DVD-RW
DVD+RW
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Intended for high-fidelity audio
recordings
Advantages compared to the CD-DA disc:
Higher audio quality
Additional channels for spatial sound
Sampling rates:
44.1 KHz and multiples (88.2; 176.4 KHz)
48 KHz and multiples (96; 192 KHz)
Number of bits per sample: 16; 20; 24
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Number of channels: 1 .. 6
The most used formats: stereo, 5.1
Maximum dynamic range (192 KHz, 24
bits): 144 dB
Maximum data rate: 9.6 Mbps
At highest quality: 2 channels, ~67 min.
Compression can be used
Lossless: MLP (Meridian Lossless Packing) →
~135 min. for: 5.1 channels, 96 KHz, 24 bits
per sample
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Compatibility with stereo players: by a
technique of converting (downmixing) the 5.1channel format to the stereo format
DVD-Audio discs may also contain: navigation
menus; text subtitles; still images; a DVDVideo area
There are discs formatted as DVD-Audio on
one side and DVD-Video on the other side
Copy protection: CPPM (Content Protection for
Prerecorded Media), developed by 4C Entity
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DVD
Overview
DVD-ROM
DVD-Video
DVD-Audio
DVD-R
DVD+R
DVD-RAM
DVD-RW
DVD+RW
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Developed by Pioneer
The format is approved by the DVD Forum
Uses a technology similar to that of the
CD-R discs
The organic dyes are different
Two variants: DVD-R(A) and DVD-R(G)
DVD-R(A) (Authoring)
Intended for professional applications:
archiving, disc production
Laser wavelength: 635 nm
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DVD-R(G) (General purpose)
Intended for consumer applications
Laser wavelength: 650 nm
The cost of drives and media is lower
compared to that of DVD-R(A)
Includes a copy protection system
DVD-R(G) drives cannot copy DVD discs that use
an encryption system
Capacity: 4.38 GB (single layer – SL); 7.95
GB (double layer – DL)
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DVD
Overview
DVD-ROM
DVD-Video
DVD-Audio
DVD-R
DVD+R
DVD-RAM
DVD-RW
DVD+RW
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Developed by DVD+RW Alliance
(www.dvdrw.com)
The format is not approved by the DVD
Forum
Discs can be recorded only once
Capacity: 4.37 GB (SL); 7.92 GB (DL)
DVD+R drives are not compatible with
DVD-R drives
Usually, the drives are hybrid: DVDR
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The disc is engraved with a spiral groove
that has a sinusoidal deviation
Frequency of the sinusoid: 817 KHz (at 1x)
Allows a correct positioning of the spot and
control of the rotational speed
Contains addressing information for blocks
 ADIP (ADdress In Pre-groove)
Addressing information is stored by phase
modulation of the sinusoid
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Improvements of the DVD-R technology
The spot tracking control system and ADIP
addressing is less susceptible to interference
and errors
Higher reliability at higher speeds
The error management system is more
robust
More accurate writing independent of the
quality of the media
More accurate linking of multiple sessions
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DVD
Overview
DVD-ROM
DVD-Video
DVD-Audio
DVD-R
DVD+R
DVD-RAM
DVD-RW
DVD+RW
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Developed by the DVD Forum
Uses the phase-change technology, like the
CD-RW discs
Data are stored on concentric tracks
A spiral groove is used for synchronizing
data writing with the spin of the disc
The groove is pressed at manufacturing
There are data marks written inside and
outside the groove
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First-generation discs had a capacity of 2.40
GB
Later, the capacity was extended to 4.38 GB
Reducing the mark size (from 0.43 µm to 0.30
µm)
Reducing the track pitch (from 0.74 µm to 0.59
µm)
Hardware sectoring is used
Sector headers are engraved on the disc during
manufacturing
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Hardware sectoring of DVD-RAM discs
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Early discs were only available encased in a
cartridge
Today’s drives allow to use the discs with
or without the cartridge
The disc type is indicated by a digit
Type 1: 120 mm, cartridge, non-removable
Type 2: 120 mm, cartridge, removable, one side
Type 5: 120 mm, no cartridge, two sides
Type 9: 80 mm, no cartridge, one side
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Advantages of DVD-RAM discs
Long lifetime (minimum 30 years)
Number of rewrites: over 100,000
At higher speeds, the number of rewrites is
lower (at 5x speed  10,000)
Reliable writing: verification by the drive
Disc defect management system
A burning software is not required
The disc can be accessed like a removable
hard disk
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Fast access to small files on the disc
In video recorders, discs can be written to
and read at the same time
Disadvantages of DVD-RAM discs
Less compatibility compared to other
rewriteable discs
Higher cost of the discs
Slower writing speed
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DVD
Overview
DVD-ROM
DVD-Video
DVD-Audio
DVD-R
DVD+R
DVD-RAM
DVD-RW
DVD+RW
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Developed by Pioneer
The format is approved by the DVD Forum
Originates from the DVD-R(A) format
For the physical medium the phase-change
technology is used
The reflectivity is lower (18..30% compared
to 45..80% for DVD-ROM)
Early DVD drives confused the DVD-RW discs
with two-layer DVD-ROM discs
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Blank discs contain:
Address information between the grooves
A lead-in track  copy protection
Advantages:
The ability for erasing and rewriting
If there are writing errors, the disc can be
used by erasing the faulty data
DVD-RW discs can be read by most of today’s
DVD drives
Number of rewrites: ~1000
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DVD
Overview
DVD-ROM
DVD-Video
DVD-Audio
DVD-R
DVD+R
DVD-RAM
DVD-RW
DVD+RW
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Developed by the DVD+RW Alliance
The format is not approved by the DVD Forum
Designed as a random-access medium
The intention was to ensure compatibility with
regular DVD drives
However, DVD+RW drives are not compatible
with DVD-RW drives
Usually, the drives are hybrid: DVDRW
The same phase-change technology is used as
with CD-RW and DVD-RW discs
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For recording, the CAV method can also be
used (besides the CLV method)
Increased performance for random access
The power consumption decreases
The same type of spiral groove is used as
with DVD+R discs
Encodes the addresses of 32 KB blocks
Each 2 KB cluster can be accurately located
 clusters can be rewritten independently
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The high-frequency sinusoidal deviation of
the groove allows for lossless linking
With other rewriteable discs, part of the
blocks are allocated as link blocks  start
and end of writing
For DVD+RW discs, link blocks are not
needed
It is possible to resume writing after an area
written before with a precision of 1 µm
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DVD+RW discs require formatting before
use
DVD+RW drives format the discs
automatically
If the formatting is interrupted, the drive will
resume formatting the next time the disc is
inserted
An automatic defect management system
is used
Defective areas are masked
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Classification of Optical Discs
Compact Disc Physical Medium
Data Organization and Encoding
CD-ROM Drive
Compact Disc Types
DVD
Blu-ray Discs
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Blu-ray Discs
Overview
BD-R/RE AV Format
BD-ROM AV Format
High-Capacity Blu-ray Discs
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BD – Blu-ray Disc
Developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association
(Sony, Pioneer, Dell, Apple)
Diameter of 12 cm or 8 cm
Use a laser with a wavelength of 405 nm
(blue-violet)
Higher capacity compared to DVD discs:
Single-layer (SL): 23.28 GB (25 GB in decimal)
Dual-layer (DL): 46.56 GB (50 GB in decimal)
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Focusing is more precise
Depends on the diffraction and wavelength
The recording layer is closer to the surface of
the disc
The wavelength is shorter
The pit size is smaller
Minimum length: 0.15 µm (0.4 µm for DVD)
The track pitch is reduced
0.32 µm (0.74 µm for DVD)
Data encoding is more efficient
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Early discs required a protective cartridge
Today’s discs are covered with a protective
hard coating layer  the cartridge is not
needed
Silicon dioxide resin
Transparent and thin layer (2 .. 5 µm)
Protects against damage from accidental
impact
Repels dust and fingerprints  conductive
material
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Discs types
BD ROM
BD-R (BD-Recordable)
BD-RE (BD-Rewritable)
Each type also has an AV (Audio Visual)
format
Write and read speeds
Transfer rate at 1x speed: 4.29 MB/s
Higher speeds: 2x, 4x, …, 12x
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BD Speed
Transfer Rate
(MB/s)
Equivalent DVD
Speed
Equivalent CD
Speed
1x
4.29
3.3x
29.4x
1.5x
6.43
4.9x
44.1x
2x
8.57
6.5x
58.8x
4x
17.15
13.0x
117.5x
6x
25.72
19.5x
176.3x
8x
34.30
26.0x
235.1x
10x
42.87
32.5x
293.8x
12x
51.45
39.0x
352.6x
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Disc rotational methods
Constant Linear Velocity (CLV): approx. 4.9
m/s at a speed of 1x
Constant Angular Velocity (CAV): the
rotational speed is constant
Zoned Constant Linear Velocity (ZCLV): the
disc is divided into zones; progressively faster
CLV speeds are used in each zone
Partial Constant Angular Velocity (PCAV):
CAV (near the center) + CLV
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Blu-ray Discs
Overview
BD-R/RE AV Format
BD-ROM AV Format
High-Capacity Blu-ray Discs
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Designed to record and play back digital TV
broadcasts on BD-R and BD-RE discs
Approx. 2 hours of HD material or 12 hours
of SD material on a SL disc
For video and audio multiplexing, the
MPEG-2 Transport Stream format is used
Packets of 188 B
Multiple channels (TV, audio) and electronic
program guide (EPG) information are
multiplexed
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BD-R/RE AV discs also accept data from an
HD video camcorder
Streams in MPEG-2 format
Two layers of organizational structure for
managing AV data
Clip layer: contains the partial transport
streams and clip information files
Playlist layer: allows the user to view, edit,
and group clips through playlist files
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Blu-ray Discs
Overview
BD-R/RE AV Format
BD-ROM AV Format
High-Capacity Blu-ray Discs
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Designed for distributing HD movies
High Definition Movie (HDMV) mode
Extended DVD-Video features: support for
HD video; more sophisticated navigation and
visual possibilities
BD Java (BD-J) mode
Application development environment
Enables interactivity and optional Internet
and network connection
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Uses the same MPEG-2 Transport Stream
format
The transport stream is formed by encoding
and multiplexing each component
BD-ROM AV discs (HDMV, BD-J) with 2D
video content: are played back at 1.5x CLV
speed (6.4 MB/s)
BD-ROM AV discs with 3D video content:
are played back at 2x CLV speed (8.5 MB/s)
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HDMV Mode
The multiplexed stream can be extended
with individual streams stored separately 
are decoded at the same time
Features: subtitles, menus, button sounds
Playback image: formed by overlaying five
independent image planes
BD-J background plane
Two video planes (primary, secondary):
enable picture-in-picture (PiP) playback
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Presentation graphics plane: for subtitles
Interactive graphics plane: for graphic menus
(information, buttons for navigation)
Up to nine video streams
Resolutions from 720 × 480 (SD, 60i) to 1920
× 1080 (HD, 60i)
Video encoding methods:
MPEG-2
MPEG-4 AVC/H.264
VC-1 (Microsoft Windows Media)
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Up to 32 audio streams with up to 8
channels each (24 bits, 192 KHz)
Mandatory audio encoding methods:
LPCM (Linear PCM)
Dolby Digital (AC-3)
DTS (Digital Theater System)
Optional audio encoding methods:
Dolby Digital Plus
Lossless encoding: Dolby TrueHD, DTS-HD Master
Audio
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BD-J Mode
Extends the HDMV mode’s features
Frame accurate animation
Interactive audio
Internet and network connection
Control of local storage devices
Content extension: games, access to online
material, extra languages or commentaries
Compliant with Java 2 Micro Edition (J2ME)
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Blu-ray Discs
Overview
BD-R/RE AV Format
BD-ROM AV Format
High-Capacity Blu-ray Discs
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High Capacity BD specifications (2010)
BD-R XL discs
Triple-layer (TL) discs: 33.33 GB per layer,
capacity of 100 GB
Quadruple-layer (QL) discs: 32 GB per layer,
capacity of 128 GB
BD-RE XL discs
Triple-layer (TL) discs: 33.33 GB per layer,
capacity of 100 GB
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Experimental discs with higher capacities
Sony: BD-ROM discs of 200 GB (8 layers)
Pioneer: BD-ROM discs of 400 GB (16 layers)
and 500 GB (20 layers)
TDK: prototypes of BD-R discs using
inorganic materials for the recording layers
200 GB (6 layers)
400 GB (16 layers)
512 GB (16 layers)
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DVDs have higher capacities compared to CDs
Reducing the pit size, distance between tracks,
and wavelength of the laser
Using double-sided discs with one or two layers
on each side
Data on DVD-ROM discs are organized into
blocks, sectors, and lines
DVD-Video discs provide wide-screen video
formats, interactivity, multiple subtitles and
languages, higher-quality video and audio
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DVD-R and DVD+R discs use a recording
technology similar to that of CD-R discs
DVD+R discs ensure higher reliability, more
accurate writing and linking of multiple sessions
DVD-RAM discs allow an increased number of
rewrites compared to DVD-RW discs
DVD-RW and DVD+RW discs use the same
phase-change technology as CD-RW discs
DVD+RW discs allow for lossless linking between
successive writing operations
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Blu-ray discs have higher capacities compared
to DVDs
The BD-R/RE AV format enables to record and
play back TV broadcasts
The BD-ROM AV format is used for distributing
commercial HD movies
HDMV mode: provides extended DVD-Video
features at HD resolutions
BD-J mode: extends the HDMV mode with
interactivity and Internet connection
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Characteristics of DVDs
DVD-ROM organization: lines, sectors, blocks
DVD-Video organization: titles, chapters, cells,
program chains
DVD-Audio discs
DVD-R disc variants: DVD-R(A), DVD-R(G)
Spiral groove of DVD+R discs
Improvements introduced by DVD+R discs
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Advantages and disadvantages of DVD-RAM
discs
Spiral groove of DVD+RW discs
Characteristics of Blu-ray discs
BD-R/RE AV format
HDMV mode of BD-ROM AV format
BD-J mode of BD-ROM AV format
BD-R/RE XL discs
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