Transcript 15.2 Single - Factor (One - Way) Analysis of Variance

Chapter 7
Supply Chain Management
Supply Chain
 All activities associated with the flow
and transformation of goods and
services from raw materials to the end
user, the customer
 A sequence of business activities
from suppliers through customers
that provide the products, services,
and information to achieve customer
satisfaction
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The Supply Chain
Information
Suppliers
Producers
Distributors
Customers
Materials,
parts, subassemblies,
and
services
Finished
goods, end
products
and services
Package
and delivery
Total
satisfaction
with quality,
price,
delivery, and
service
Inventory
Products
and
Services
Products
and
Services
Products
and
Services
Inventory
Inventory
Cash
Figure 7.1
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Supply Chain Management
 Synchronization of activities required
to achieve maximum competitive
benefits
 Coordination, cooperation, and
communication
 Rapid flow of information
 Vertical integration
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Supply Chain Uncertainty
 Forecasting, lead times, batch ordering,
price fluctuations, and inflated orders
contribute to variability
 Inventory is a form of insurance
 Distorted information is one of the main
causes of uncertainty
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Information in the
Supply Chain
 Centralized coordination of
information flows
 Integration of transportation,
distribution, ordering, and production
 Direct access to domestic and global
transportation and distribution
channels
 Locating and tracking the movement
of every item in the supply chain
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Information in the
Supply Chain
 Consolidation of purchasing from all
suppliers
 Intercompany and intracompany
information access
 Data interchange
 Data acquisition at the point of origin
and point of sale
 Instantaneous updating of inventory
levels
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Electronic Business
 Replacement of physical processes
with electronic ones
 Cost and price reductions
 Reduction or elimination of
intermediaries
 Shortening transaction times for
ordering and delivery
 Wider presence and increased visibility
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Electronic Business
 Greater choices and more information for
customers
 Improved service
 Collection and analysis of customer data
and preferences
 Virtual companies with lower prices
 Leveling the playing field for smaller
companies
 Gain global access to markets & customers
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Table 7.1
Supply Chain
Evolution at
Nabisco
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Electronic Data Interchange
 Computer-to-computer exchange of
business documents in a standard
format
 Quick access, better customer service,
less paperwork, better communication,
increased productivity, improved
tracing and expediting, improves billing
and cost efficiency
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Bar Codes
 Computer readable codes attached to
items flowing through the supply chain
 Generates point-of-sale data which is
useful for determining sales trends,
ordering, production scheduling, and
deliver plans
1234
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5678
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The Internet
 Instant global access to organizations,
individuals, and information sources
 Fundamentally changes the way
organizations do business
 Removed geographic
barriers
 Adds speed and accessibility
to the supply chain
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Figure 7.2
Build-to-Order Cars over the
Internet
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The E-Automotive Supply Chain
SUPPLY CHAIN PROCESS
AUTOMOTIVE PAST
E-AUTOMOTIVE
Customer sales
Push—sell from inventory
Pull—Build-to-order
Production
Goal of even and stable production
Focus on customer demand, respond
with supply chain flexibility
Distribution
Mass approach
Fast, reliable, and customized to get
cars to specific customer location
Customer relationships
Dealer-owned
Shared by dealers and manufacturers
Managing uncertainty
Large car inventory at dealers
Small inventories with shared
information and strategically placed
parts inventories
Procurement
Batch-oriented; dealers order based on
allocations
Orders made in real time based on
available-to-promise information
Product design
Complex products don’t match customer
needs
Simplified products based on better
information about what customers want
Table 7.2
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Intranets and Extranets
 Intranets are internet-like networks that
operate within a single organization
 Extranets are intranets that can be
connected to the global internet
 Difference is in who has access to the
system
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IT Issues
 Increased benefits and sophistication
come with increased costs
 Efficient web sites do not necessarily
mean the rest of the supply chain will
be as efficient
 Security problems are very real
 Partnership and trust are important
elements that may be new to business
relationships
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Suppliers
 Purchased materials account for about
half of manufacturing costs
 Materials, parts, and service must be
delivered on time, of high quality, and
low cost
 Suppliers should be integrated into
their customers’ supply chains
 Partnerships should be established
 On-demand delivery (JIT) is a frequent
requirement
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Sourcing
 Relationship between customers and
suppliers focuses on collaboration and
cooperation
 Outsourcing has become a long-term
strategic decision
 Organizations focus on core
competencies
 Single-sourcing is
increasingly a part
of supplier relations
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E-Procurement
 Business-to-business commerce
conducted on the Internet
 Benefits include lower transaction
costs, lower prices, reduce clerical labor
costs, and faster ordering and delivery
times
 Currently used more for indirect goods
 E-Marketplaces service industry-specific
companies and suppliers
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Figure 7.3 The Wal-Mart Supply Chain
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Figure 7.4 Centralized Supply at Honda America
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Distribution
 The actual movement of products
and materials between locations
 Handling of materials and products at
receiving docks, storing products,
packaging, and shipping
 Often called logistics
 Driving force today
is speed
 Particularly important
for Internet dot-coms
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Figure 7.5
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Order Fulfillment at
Amazon.com
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Distribution Centers
and Warehousing
 DCs are some of the largest business
facilities in the United States
 Trend is for more frequent orders in
smaller quantities
 Flow-through facilities and automated
material handling
 Final assembly and product
configuration may be done at the DC
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Warehouse Management
Systems
 Highly automated systems
 Controls item putaway, picking,
packing, and shipping
 Transportation management,
order management, yard
management, labor management,
warehouse optimization
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Figure 7.6
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A WMS
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Vendor-Managed Inventory
 Manufacturers generate orders, not
distributors
 Stocking information is accessed
using EDI
 A first step towards supply chain
collaboration
 Increased speed, reduced errors, and
improved service
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Collaborative Distribution and
Outsourcing
 Collaborative planning, forecasting, and
replenishment (CPFR)
 Internet-based exchange of data and
information
 Significant decrease in inventory levels
and more efficient logistics
 Companies focus on core competencies
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Transportation
 Important element, often
overlooked
 Common methods are railroads,
trucking, water, air, intermodal,
package carriers, and pipelines
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Railroads
 150,000 miles in US
 Low cost, high-volume
 Improving flexibility
 intermodal service
 double stacking
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Trucking
 Most used mode in US
 Flexible, small loads
 Consolidation,
Internet load match sites
 Part of TQM supplier-customer relationship
 Single sourcing reduces number of trucking
firms serving a company
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Air
 Rapidly growing segment of
transportation industry
 Lightweight, small items
 Quick, reliable,
expensive
 Major airlines
and US Postal Service,
UPS, FedEx, DHL
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Package Carriers
 FedEx, UPS, US Postal Service, DHL
 Significant growth driven by
e-businesses
 Use several modes
of transportation
 Expensive
 Fast and reliable
 Innovative use of
technologies
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Intermodal
 Combination of several modes of
transportation
 Most common are truck/rail/truck
and truck/water/rail/truck
 Enabled by the
use of containers
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Water




One of oldest means of transport
Low-cost, high-volume, slow
Bulky, heavy and/or large items
Standardized shipping containers
improve service
 The most common
form of international
shipping
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Pipelines
 Primarily for oil & refined oil products
 Slurry lines carry coal or kaolin
 High capital investment
 Low operating costs
 Can cross difficult terrain
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Internet Transportation
Exchanges
 Bring together shippers and carriers
 Initial contact, negotiations,
auctions
 Typically only one
form of transportation,
intermodal exchanges
have been difficult to develop
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Global Supply Chain




Free trade & global opportunities
Nations form trading groups
No tariffs or duties
Freely transport
goods across borders
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Global Supply Chain Problems
 National and regional differences
 Customs, business practices, and
regulations
 Foreign markets are
not homogeneous
 Quality can be a
major issue
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Duties and Tariffs
 Proliferation of trade agreements
 Group members charge uniform
tariffs
 Member nations have a
competitive advantage within the
group
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Duties and Tariffs
APEC
NAFTA
TAFTA
FTAA
ASEAN
CALM
ATPA
MERCOSUR
Figure 7.9
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ANZCERTA
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Landed Cost and InternetBased ITL Systems
 Knowing landed cost is critical in
international trade
 Common components are
transportation charges, tariffs,
duties, and taxes
 ITL systems convert language and
currency between trading partners
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Infrastructure Obstacles
to Global Trade
 Some emerging markets lack suitable
distribution systems, i.e. roads, rail
systems
 Existing roads and
ports may be inadequate
 Market instability,
political instability
 Vertical integration is a common solution
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