Transcript Understanding Computers, 11/e, Chapter 12
11 th Edition
TODAY AND TOMORROW
12
Information Systems and Systems Development
Chapter 12
Learning Objectives
Understand what information systems are.
Explain who uses information systems in a typical organization.
Identify several types of information systems commonly found in organizations and describe their purpose.
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Chapter 12
Learning Objectives,
Cont’d
Explain the people involved with system development.
Identify and describe the different steps of the system development life cycle (SDLC).
Discuss several approaches used to develop systems.
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Chapter 12
Overview
This chapter covers: What are and who uses information systems Common types of information systems Use of the information systems department and outsourcing The system development life cycle The major approaches to system development Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition 4
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What Is an Information System?
System:
collection of elements and procedures that interact to accomplish a goal
Information system:
system used to generate information to support users in an organization
System development:
process of designing and implementing a new or modified system Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition 5
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Who Uses Information Systems?
Executive managers: strategic decisions
Middle managers: tactical decisions
Operational managers: operational decisions
geared toward meeting
short-term objectives
Nonmanagement workers: on-the-job decisions
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Types of Information Systems
While hundreds of specific types of information systems exist, many fall into one of eight categories Chapter 12 Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition 7
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Office Systems
Office system:
A system in which office automation hardware, software, and other resources are used to facilitate communications and enhance productivity
Office automation:
computer-based office oriented technologies, such as word processing, e-mail, workgroup computing, and the like
Document processing systems
(create, distribute, store, and manage documents Formats need to be considered for archived documents so they can be read at a later date
Communications systems
(e-mail, messaging, online conference, workgroup computing, etc.) Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition 8
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Transaction Processing Systems
Transaction processing system:
System that processes and records data created by an organization’s business transactions
Order entry systems
E-commerce systems
Point-of-sale (POS) systems
Check processing systems
Payroll systems
Accounting systems
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Management Information Systems (MISs)
Management information system (MIS):
system that provides decision makers with preselected information Usually provides information in the form of computer-generated reports Much of the time, this information is generated from data obtained from transaction processing Most frequently used to make moderately structured, middle-management decisions Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition 10
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Decision Support Systems (DSSs)
Decision support system (DSS):
provides people with the tools and capabilities to organize and analyze their decision making information Provides information on demand and incorporate data from both internal and external sources Tailored to help with specific types of decisions; typically used by middle and upper management Special type of DSS targeted to upper management =
executive information system (EIS)
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Geographic Information Systems (GISs)
Geographic information system (GIS):
system that combines geographical information with other types of data to provide a better understanding of relationships among the data Commonly used to make decisions about locations (e.g. new facility locations, disaster risk, geographical crime patterns) Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition 13
Enterprise-Wide and Inter-Enterprise Systems
Chapter 12
Enterprise-wide system:
integrates activities throughout an entire enterprise
Inter-enterprise system:
links multiple enterprises, such as a business and its customers, suppliers, and partners Types of enterprise-wide and inter-enterprise systems
Electronic data interchange (EDI):
transfers data between different companies using the Internet or another network Often used to automate reordering materials and products Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition 14
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Enterprise-Wide and Inter-Enterprise Systems,
Cont’d
Types of enterprise-wide and inter-enterprise systems,
cont’d
Enterprise resource planning (ERP):
large integrated system that ties together all of a business’s activities
Enterprise application integration (EAI):
exchanging information from an ERP or other internal system among different applications and organizations Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition 15
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Enterprise-Wide and Inter-Enterprise Systems,
Cont’d
Types of enterprise-wide and inter-enterprise systems,
cont’d
Customer relationship management (CRM)
: a system designed to build and manage good relationships with customers Often implemented via the Web today (eCRM) Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition 16
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Enterprise-Wide and Inter-Enterprise Systems,
Cont’d
Types of enterprise-wide and inter-enterprise systems,
cont’d
Supply chain management
(
SCM
)
:
the oversight of materials, information, and finances as they move from the original supplier to the consumer
Value chain management systems
(maximize the flow of products, goods, services, and information through a value-added network of suppliers
Just-in-time (JIT) systems
(resources are limited to the right amount at the right time to fill orders)
Inventory management systems
(track and manage inventory) Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition 17
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Enterprise-Wide and Inter-Enterprise Systems,
Cont’d
Types of enterprise-wide and inter-enterprise systems,
cont’d
Product lifecycle management (PLM):
organizes and correlates all information about a product to help companies improve products and better track costs and profits
Price optimization systems:
determine the optimal price to maximize product profitability Requires complex calculations so more possible today than in the past Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition 19
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Enterprise-Wide and Inter-Enterprise Systems,
Cont’d
Types of enterprise-wide and inter-enterprise systems,
cont’d
Price optimization systems, cont’d
Markdown optimization software:
times markdown of products that are still unsold at the end of the product life cycle
Electronic shelf labels (ESLs):
used to always display the price in the product database
Enterprise architecture:
a comprehensive framework used to describe and manage an organization’s business functions and systems Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition 20
Chapter 12
Design and Manufacturing Systems
Design and manufacturing systems (use computers to automate the design or manufacturing process
Computer aided design (CAD) Computer aided manufacturing (CAM)
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Chapter 12
Artificial Intelligence Systems
Artificial intelligence (AI) system:
a system in which a computer performs in ways that would be considered intelligent if observed in humans
Turing Test
Initial advances in AI made through chess-playing programs Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition 22
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Artificial Intelligence Systems,
Cont’d
Intelligent agents:
programs that perform specific tasks to help to make a user’s work environment more efficient or entertaining and that typically modifies its behavior based on the user’s actions
Application assistants
Search agents
Shopping bots
Entertainment bots
Chatterbots
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Artificial Intelligence Systems,
Cont’d
Expert system:
provides the type of advice that would be expected from a human expert
Knowledge base:
database containing facts provided by human experts and rules the system should use to make decisions based on those facts
Inference engine:
program that applies the rules to the data stored in the knowledge base, in order to reach decisions Is only as good as the knowledge base and inference engine; also needs honest, correct information from the user in order to work correctly Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition 24
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Artificial Intelligence Systems,
Cont’d
Neural network:
expert systems in which the human brain’s pattern-recognition process is emulated by the computer system Used in : Handwriting, speech, and image recognition Geographical mapping Medical imaging Crime analysis Biometric identification
Vision systems
(quality checks in manufacturing, recognizing postage stamps, etc.) Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition 26
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Artificial Intelligence Systems,
Cont’d
Robotics:
the study of robot technology
Robot:
A device, controlled by a human operator or a computer, that can move and react to sensory input Used in situations: That are dangerous or impossible for people to perform Where immense precision is needed To perform monotonous tasks To assist individuals Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition 27
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Artificial Intelligence Systems,
Cont’d
Types of robots
Military robots
(unmanned planes and vehicles, devices to initially investigate locations,
exoskeleton suits,
etc.)
Business robots
(monitoring facilities, implementing videoconferencing, etc.)
Personal robots
(entertainment, perform communications tasks, perform household tasks, etc.) Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition 28
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Chapter 12
Responsibility for System Development
Information systems (IS) department:
includes most, if not all, of the computer and networking personnel for an organization including:
Data processing
personnel
Systems analyst:
studies systems in order to determine what works needs to be done and how this work may best be achieved
Business analyst
System analysis and design group
Programmers
Operations personnel
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Responsibility for System Development
Outsourcing
companies
:
outside vendors used to process specific business tasks Use growing, primarily due to cost
Offshore offsourcing
= outsourced to another country
Captive offshoring
= companies setting up their own facilities in another country Need to consider appropriateness of outsourcing, as well as security and privacy System development team is typically led by systems analyst; team should include users Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition 32
The System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
System development life cycle (SDLC):
process consisting of size phases of system development Chapter 12 Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition 33
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Preliminary Investigation
Preliminary investigation:
the phase of the system development life cycle in which a brief feasibility study is performed to assess whether or not a full scale project should be undertaken Purpose is to define and evaluate the problem and see if it is worthy of further study
Documentation
:
Feasibility report
(includes recommendation regarding whether or not the project should move on to the next stage in the SDLC) Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition 34
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System Analysis
System analysis:
the phase of the system development life cycle in which a problem area is thoroughly examined to determine what should be done
Data collection
: gathering information about the system (
organizational chart,
observation, interviewing users, etc.)
Data analysis:
analyzing information to determine requirements for the new systems Tools include
data flow diagrams
,
decision tables
,
checklists, etc.
Documentation: any instruments used for data gathering; any tools developed Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition 35
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System Design
System design:
the phase of the system development life cycle in which a model of the new system and how it will work is formally established Helpful to develop a model of the new system
System flowcharts
Input/output designs
Data dictionary
Most companies will also perform a
cost/benefit analysis
(should consider both
tangible
and
intangible benefits
)
Documentation
: Specifications of new system Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition 37
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System Acquisition
System acquisition:
the phase of the system development life cycle in which hardware, software, and other system components are acquired Need to determine if needed products will be purchased or developed in house Software to be developed moves into the
program development process
(covered in Chapter 13) Products to be purchased need to be identified and a vendor selected Can use
RFP
and/or
RFQ
Bids need to be evaluated;
vendor rating systems
and
benchmark tests
can be helpful
Documentation
: RFPs, RFQs, any vendor evaluation materials, etc.
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Chapter 12
System Implementation
System implementation:
the phase of the system development life cycle that encompasses activities related to making the system operational
Direct conversion
(old system deactivated; new system installed)
Parallel conversion
(both old and new operated for a period of time)
Phased conversion
(new system implemented by module)
Pilot conversion
initially) (new system installed at a pilot location
Documentation:
Implementation schedule, test data, test results, etc.
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System Maintenance
System maintenance:
the phase of the system development life cycle in which minor adjustments are made to the finished system to keep it operational until the end of the system’s life or until the time that the system needs to be redesigned One of the first activities is the
post-implementation review
(identifies any glitches in the new system that need to be fixed) An ongoing-process When a major change is needed, the project goes through the SDLC again
Documentation
: Completed
project folder
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Chapter 12
Approaches to System Development
Traditional system development:
carried out in the preset order SDLC phases are Used primarily when system requirements are easy to determine, when the system is very familiar, or when management requests it Time-consuming
Prototyping:
a small model, or
prototype
, of the system is built before the full-scale development effort is undertaken Prototype can be revised as needed before full system is developed
End-user development:
user is primarily responsible for the development of the system Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition 43
Chapter 12
Summary
What Is an Information System?
Who Uses Information Systems?
Types of Information Systems Responsibility for System Development The System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Approaches to System Development Understanding Computers, 11 th Edition 44