Transcript APA Style, Literature Review & Computer/Internet Searches

APA Style
Rehabilitation Research
RCS 6740
May 18, 2005
Why Use APA Style?
Allows readers to crossreference your sources
easily
Provides consistent format
within a discipline
Gives you credibility as a
writer
Protects you from
plagiarism
Cross-Referencing Your Sources
Cross-referencing allows readers to locate the publication
information of source material. This is of great value for
researchers who may want to locate your sources for
their own research projects.
“Because one purpose of listing references is to enable
readers to retrieve and use the sources, reference data
must be correct and complete. …” (APA, 2001, p. 216).
Using a Consistent Format
Using a consistent format helps your
reader understand your
arguments and the sources
they’re built on.
It also helps you keep track of your
sources as you build arguments.
32 APA primary journals; as many as
1000 more in social sciences and
psychology use APA as their style
guide.
Establishing Credibility
The proper use of APA style shows the credibility of
writers; such writers show accountability to their
source material.
“[Because] authors are responsible for all
information in their reference lists. Accurately
prepared references help establish your
credibility as a careful researcher” (APA, 2001,
p. 216).
Avoiding Plagiarism
Academic honesty and integrity!
– Proper citation of your sources in APA style can help you
avoid plagiarism, which is a serious offense. It may result in
anything from failure of the assignment to expulsion from
school.
You are academically dishonest if:
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Someone writes your paper for you
You purchase a paper
You copy a paper from online
You fail to cite your sources
Your present someone else’s ideas as your own
Quick Background of the Publication
Manual of the American Psychological
Association
1928: Meeting of editors of anthropological and
psychological journals.
February 1929: 7 page article in Psychological Bulletin.
– Just recommended a standard procedure – did not dictate
the style to authors.
1952: 1st edition – 60 page supplement to Psychological
Bulletin.
1974: 2nd edition – 136 pages
2001: 5th edition - 439 pages
APA Style
Content & Organization of a Manuscript
Expressing Ideas & Reducing Bias in Language
Editorial Style
Reference List
Content & Organization
Parts of a Manuscript
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Title Page
Abstract
Introduction
Method
Results
Discussion
Multiple Experiments
References
Appendix
Author Note
Title Page
Title (centered, upper ½ of page, ds)
Author’s name (1 ds below title)
Institutional affiliation or course identification (ds
below author’s name)
Manuscript page header (upper right corner, 1st 2
or 3 words of title, 5 spaces, then page #)
Running head
Life Skills
Running head: LIFE SKILLS
Empirically Derived Life Skill Factors for
Program Evaluation in Rehabilitation
Fong Chan
1
Running Head
Abbreviated title
Maximum 50 characters including letters,
punctuation, and spaces
Left-justified below manuscript page header
Example:
Running head: GENERATION X
Abstract
Brief comprehensive summary
75-120 words
Concise
Self-contained
Non-evaluative
Coherent
Readable
Note: Manual has specific guidelines for empirical studies, reviews
and theoretical pieces, methodological works, and case studies.
First Page of Text
Includes manuscript page header
Full title is centered on the top line of the page
DS, only, between title and first line of text
Note. Double space, only, throughout the entire document.
Headings
The levels of heading are established by format or
appearance
The hierarchy of sections help orient the reader to the
structure of the manuscript – they function as an outline
Topics of equal importance have the same level of
heading throughout the manuscript.
Start each section with the highest level of heading,
even if one section may have fewer levels of
subheading than another section
Headings - Continued
CENTERED UPPERCASE HEADING
(Level 5)
Centered Uppercase and Lowercase Heading
(Level 1)
Centered, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading
(Level 2)
Flush Left, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Side Heading
(Level 3)
Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending
with a period.
(Level 4)
One Level Heading
Centered Uppercase and Lowercase Heading
(Level 1)
Engagement
Assessment
Planning
Implementation
Evaluation
Two levels (use level 1 & 3)
Centered Uppercase and Lowercase Heading
(Level 1)
Flush Left, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Side Heading
(Level 3)
Engagement
Techniques
Orientation of Client
Three levels (Use level 1, 3 and 4)
Centered Uppercase and Lowercase Heading
(Level 1)
Flush Left, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Side Heading
(Level 3)
Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period. (Level 4)
Assessment
Development
Early childhood.
Adolescent.
Handling Quotes in Your Text
If directly quoted from another
author’s work should be reproduced
word for word
Short quotations (fewer than 40
words) are incorporated into the text,
enclosed with double quotation
marks.
Must be accompanied by a reference
citation with a page number
Example of a Short Quotation
Matkin (1985) stated “the compensation principle
and accident prevention form an intertwined
relationship whereby one enhances the other”
(p. 29).
At end of sentence – close quoted passage with
quotation marks, cite the source in parentheses
after marks, and end with the period or other
punctuation outside the final parenthesis.
Example of Mid-Sentence Quote
He found “Assessment or decision-making
interviews are generally more focused”
(Zastrow, 1998, p. 86) than other types of
interview formats.
In midsentence - End the passage with quotation marks, cite
source in parentheses immediately after the quotation marks,
and continue the sentence.
Use no other punctuation unless meaning of sentence requires it.
Example of Long Quote
Wang, Thomas, Chan, and Cheing (2003) stated the following:
Conjoint analysis has the potential to augment the study of attitudes toward
disabilities in rehabilitation psychology research. Specifically, as an indirect
measurement, conjoint analysis is less prone to social desirability effects. The
trade-off method used in conjoint analysis to study people’s attitudes toward
disability closely approximates human decision making in real life. Hence both
conjoint measurements and conjoint analysis could increase the ability of
rehabilitation psychology researchers to understand factors contributing to the
formation of attitudes/preferences in multiple social contexts. (p. 200-201)
At end of block quote – Cite the quoted source in parentheses after the
final punctuation mark
Do not single space long quotes. Indent 5-7 spaces from the left margin
without the usual paragraph indent.
Numbers
General rule is to use figures to express numbers
10 and above
The client is 25 years old
Mr. Roberts has had 12 arrests
Use words to express numbers below 10
Nora Edwards has had three previous
marriages.
Exceptions
Always as numerals: Dates, Ages, Exact sums of money,
scores and points on a scale, numbers and precise
measurements
– Each item on the Beck Depression Index is scored on a 5point scale
– The client receives $8 per completed hour.
Always as words: Any number that begins a sentence,
common fractions
– Twelve participants were involved in the focus groups
Parenthetical (Within-Text)
Citations
Author’s(s’) last name
Year of publication
Page number (if quoting)
Example:
(Chan, 2000, p. 17)
Parenthetical Citations
Multiple Authors
2 authors – cite both names separated by &
Example:
(Rubin & Roessler, 2002, p. 127)
3-5 authors – cite all authors first time; after first time,
use et al.
Example:
(Chan et al., 2000)
6 or more authors – cite first author’s name and et al.
Example:
(Rosenthal et al., 1992)
Parenthetical Citations
Multiple Citations
Multiple sources from same author –
chronological order, separated by comma.
Example:
(Thomas, 1998, 1999, in press)
Within same year:
Example:
(Chan, 1998a, 1998b, 1999, in press)
Parenthetical Citations
Multiple Citations Continued
Multiple sources – separated by semicolon,
alphabetical order
Example:
(Chan, 1998; Pruett, 2001; Thomas, 1992)
Handling Parenthetical Citations
If the source has no
known author, then use
an abbreviated version of
the title:
Full Title: “California
Cigarette Tax Deters
Smokers”
Citation: (“California,”
1999)
Handling Parenthetical Citations
A reference to a personal
communication:
Source: email message from Hanoch
Livneh
Citation: (H. Livneh, personal
communication, November 22, 2002)
A general reference to a web site
Source: University of Wisconsin Madison web site
Citation:
(http://www.wisc.edu)
Reference Citations in Text
If author(s) name is part of narrative, cite only year of publication
in parentheses
Hess, Marwitz and Kreutzer (2003) report treatment planning
following a spinal cord injury should include methods for
identifying cognitive deficits.
On rare occasions you may have the year and author with no
parentheses.
In 2000 Walker compared reaction times
Keys to Parenthetical Citations
Readability
Keep references brief
Give only information
needed to identify the
source on your reference
page
Do not repeat
unnecessary information
Handling Quotes in Your Text
There are many different
combinations and
variations within APA
citation format.
If you run into something
unusual, look it up!
Reference List – General
Guidelines
On a separate page
References (the title) is centered on top
line
Alphabetical list of works cited
If same author cited more than once,
chronologically listed
Double spaced
Hanging indent
Titles of works and volume number in
italics
Reference List – Journal Article
Garske, G. G. (2000). The significance of
rehabilitation counselor job satisfaction. Journal of
Applied Rehabilitation Counseling, 31(3), 10-13.
Shaw, L. R., & Tarvydas, V. M. (2001). The use of
professional disclosure in rehabilitation
counseling. Rehabilitation Counseling
Bulletin, 45, 40-47.
Miller, L. J., & Donders, J. (in press). Prediction of
educational outcome after pediatric traumatic
brain injury. Rehabilitation Psychology.
Reference List – Book
Smart, J. (2001). Disability, Society, and the
Individual. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen.
Parker, R. M., & Szymanski, E. M. (Eds.). (1998).
Rehabilitation Counseling: Basics and
Beyond. Austin, TX: PRO-ED.
American Psychiatric Association. (1994).
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental
disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Reference List – Book Chapter
Jaet, D. N., & McMahon, B.T. (1999).
Implications of disability legislation for
case managers. In F. Chan & M. J. Leahy
(Eds.), Health Care and Disability Case
Management (pp. 213 – 238). Lake Zurich,
IL: Vocational Consultants Press.
Reference List
Electronic Media
Internet articles based on a print source (exact replicate
– usually a pdf file)
Smith, S., & Jones, T. (2001). The impact of authoritative
supervisors on job retention {Electronic version}. Journal of
Applied Rehabilitation Counseling, 12(2), 110-112.
Internet articles that are not exactly as the printed
article (i.e., htlm, doc, or txt files)
Smith, S., & Jones, T. (2001). The impact of authoritative
supervisors on job retention. Journal of Applied
Rehabilitation Counseling, 12(2), 110-112. Retrieved
October 13, 2001, from http://jarc.org/articles
Reference List
Electronic Media
Articles in an Internet only journal
James, T. (2001, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to
optimize health and well-being. Prevention &
Treatment, 3, Article 01a. Retrieved November 20,
2000, from http://journals.apa.org/articles
Stand alone document, no author identified, no date.
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (n.d.). Retrieved
August 8, 2000, from http://www.ahrq.gov
APA Writing Style Rules:
Abbreviations
Avoid abbreviations except for long familiar
terms (MMPI).
Explain what the abbreviation means at the first
occurrence: American Psychological Association
(APA).
If an abbreviation is commonly used as a word, it
does not require explanation (IQ, LSD, RAM).
Use two-letter postal codes for U.S. state names.
Language Exerts a Powerful
Influence
Avoiding Biased and Pejorative
Language
Be more specific, not less
– Use age ranges rather than broad categories
– Use the phrase Men and women – rather than generic
“mankind”
– Avoid the generic “he”
– Specific ethnic or racial labeling
Mention differences only when relevant
Be Sensitive to Labels
Use person-first
language when
describing and individual
or group of people with a
disability.
Example: people over the
age of 65, people with
learning disabilities
Standards of Comparison
Be aware of hidden standards that compare the
study group to an invisible (standard) group.
Example: “culturally deprived” (by what
standard?)
Unparallel nouns
Example: man and wife - Instead: husband and
wife
Acknowledge Participation
Replace the impersonal term “subjects” with
- participants
- individuals
- college students
- children
Where Do I Find APA Style and
Format?
Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association, 5th ed.
www.apastyle.org
Some other good links:
http://www.docstyles.com/apacrib.htm
http://www.vanguard.edu/faculty/ddeg
elman/amoebaweb/index.aspx?doc_i
d=2415
Software for APA Style
APA Style Helper 5
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Walks you through a paper as you create it
Helps format references, headings etc
Includes a reference builder
Works with most word processors
From APA – costs $40
MS Word Template for APA format
– Headings and Format in APA style (no help with references)
– From Microsoft Office Web site, Free, only good with Microsoft
Word.
Software for APA Style
Citation Software
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EndNote 8.0 (endnote.com)
ProCite 5.0 (procite.com)
Software Reference Manager 11.0 (refman.com)
Biblioscape 6.0 (biblioscape.com)
All have versions for Mac (OS X) as well as Windows
(98 – XP) & support a variety of word processors
(except Biblioscape – Windows only)
Cost: $110 – $200 (Education prices)