Transcript Slide 1
Civil Liberties: Protecting Individual Rights Reference Chapter 20 • • • • Due Process Freedom and Security of the Person Rights of the Accused Punishment Due Process • essentially, the government must act fairly and lawfully • Court has determined its meaning case by case. • 14th Amendment means that due process guarantees must apply to state, local governments and any administrative action Due Process • procedural – how the government acts • • substantive – the laws must be fair • Rochin v. California 1952 Pierce v. Society of Sisters 1925 10th Amendment reserves this power to the states • Police Power: – to protect and promote • • • • public health public safety morals general welfare limits on alcohol, tobacco pollution laws vaccinations concealed weapons seat belt laws DUIs gambling pornography prostitution compulsory education Medicaid PUC regulation Police Power cannot violate Due process Clause of 5th/14th amendment Right to Privacy • Stanley v.Georgia 1969 —the right to be let alone • Griswold v. Connecticut 1965 – can’t prohibit birth control counseling and the use of contraceptives Right to Privacy • Roe v. Wade 1973 – abortion • 1st – no restriction • 2nd – reasonable regulations • 3rd – can prohibit all but medically necessary • Planned Parenthood v. Casey 1992 – • • • • women must receive counseling to persuade her against abortion must wait at least 24 hours after counseling unmarried minor must have parental or judicial consent doctors and clinics must keep detailed records. – does not place “ a substantial obstacle in the path of a woman seeking an abortion…” Freedom of Security –Home and Person • 4th Amendment – Warrants and Probable Cause – no general right to search or seize without a warrant • exceptions – – – – – “plain view” “informational roadblocks and DUIs” after a person is arrested “common sense” grounds—suspect flight public place arrests with probable cause 4th Amendment – Warrants and Probable Cause • Automobiles – “moveable scene of the crime” – California v. Acevedo 1991 • When it’s a lawful stop AND the police have probable cause, police do not need a warrant to search anything in the car. 4th Amendment – Warrants and Probable Cause • Exclusionary Rule – Can’t be convicted with illegally acquired evidence Mapp v. Ohio 1961 – Exceptions • “inevitable discovery” • “good faith” • “honest mistakes” 4th Amendment – Warrants and Probable Cause • Drug-testing – employment – sports/extracurricular activity • Wiretapping – with a warrant – Katz v. United States 1967 (phone booth) • entitled to private conversation – NSA electronic surveillance program Rights of the Accused • • • • Writs of Habeas Corpus No bills of attainder, ex post facto laws Federal Grand Jury for serious crimes No double jeopardy Rights of the Accused • Speedy and Public Trial – but not too speedy or too public • 45 minute murder trial w/hostile audience • tv in the courtroom Rights of the Accused • Trial by Jury – defendant may ask for a “change of venue” – defendant may decline-bench trial – juries may vary in size (6-12) • may not require a unanimous decision – no one may be excluded from jury duty based on gender, race, color, national origin or religion Rights of the Accused • Right to Counsel/No self-incrimination – Escobedo v. Illinois 1964 – Gideon v. Wainwright 1963 – Miranda v. Arizona 1966 Escobedo v. Illinois 1964 SC overturns Miranda v. Arizona Punishment • Bail – no automatic entitlement to bail – justification for bail • shouldn’t be jailed until proven guilty • better able to prepare for trial – can’t be set at what is higher than what will reasonable assure that the defendant will appear. Stack v. Boyle 1951 • Preventive Detention – 1984 Congressional action • judge can order “preventive detention” for someone who might commit another serious crime before trial. • Supreme Court upheld the decision in 1987 Cruel and Unusual Punishment? • Yes – – – – – – burning @ stake crucifixion drawing & quartering excessive force deprivation denationalization Such punishment as would amount to torture or barbarity, any cruel and degrading punishment not known to the Common Law, or any fine, penalty, confinement, or treatment that is so disproportionate to the offense as to shock the moral sense of the community. • No – firing squad – electrocution • twice – lethal injection – hanging – 3 Strikes Laws Capital Punishment—Death Penalty • 1972 – Court struck down state death penalties because they were capriciously and/or randomly applied. • State response – Mandatory sentence –unconstitutional – 2-step procedure to apply the death sentence • trial conviction • sentencing trial Capital Punishment—Death Penalty • 2-stage laws are OK – crime must result in death of victim – can’t be applied to the mentally challenged – can’t be applied to those under 18 at the time of the crime – must be decided by the jury that convicted – defendant can’t be manacled at dp hearing p. 523 in text