Transcript The Americas in the Age of Independence

The Americas in the Age of
Independence
Chapter 30
Intro: The Building of American States
• U.S.: expansion, lots of diversity, issues -> Civil War
• Canada: independence without war, diversity,
powerful provinces
• Latin America: very diverse, politically fragmented,
problems
The U.S.: Westward Expansion and
Civil War
• Gained land from Britain and France
• Manifest Destiny: expansion to Pacific
– Conflicts with Native Americans: Indian Removal Act
of 1830, Plains Indians
• Tension with Mexico: Mexican-American War
over Texas -> gained lots of territory
• Regional tension: slavery,
north/south, new territories
The U.S. Civil War
• Abraham Lincoln is anti-slavery, but there are other
issues (states’ rights, consequences, dual
economies)
• 1860-61: southern states secede and isolate -> war
• 1863: Emancipation Proclamation
• 1865: 13th amendment abolished slavery
• Results: ended slavery, ensured
unification, enhanced federal
gov’t’s authority
The Canadian Dominion
• Brief history: colonized by British and French
trappers -> New France -> British (after 7 Years
War), but more French until loyalists fled the U.S.
and lots of tension
• War of 1812: US vs. Britain, with Canada as front
line (invasion failed)
• Rapid growth: English migrants
= more tension with French
The Canadian Dominion (cont.)
• 1840-67: Britain expanded home rule and
increased provincial gov’t power (=model for
British imperialism and self-rule)
• 1867: unified eastern areas as Dominion of
Canada (with strong provincial gov’ts and federal
gov’t)
Latin America
• Bolivar had tried to unify but failed
• Post-indep. gov’ts: republics with constitutions
run by creole elites (less experience in self-gov’t
than U.S.)
• In some, stability was elusive
• Non-creoles had no role in gov’t; showed
discontent through rebellion
• Also tension between liberals/conservatives,
centralists/federalists, secularists/Catholics
Latin America (cont.)
• Conflicts with indigenous: elites took land; either
assimilated or moved to marginal areas
• Caudillos: regional military leaders gained power
as they maintained order through violence, plus
charisma
Mexico
• Various gov’ts: monarchy, republic, caudillo
• Political turmoil allowed General Santa Anna to
take power
• -> opposition “La reforma” to limit Catholic
Church, increase middle class -> new constitution
with universal male suffrage, land reform
• 1861: President Juarez stopped
paying loans -> France invaded,
but was defeated 5/5/1862
Mexico (cont.)
• 1910-20: Mexican Revolution – middle class,
peasants, and workers tried to overthrow dictator
(Porfirio Diaz) over land issues
• -> guerrilla warfare led by Zapata and Pancho Villa
(‘tierra y libertad’) -> failed to take cities, and lack of
resources = failure
• But, new constitution
addressed some concerns
(land, universal suffrage, education, minimum
wage/maximum hours, foreign ownership
restrictions) -> not implemented right away, though
Intro: American Economic
Development
• 2 major influences shaped economic
development: mass migration and British
investment
• U.S. and Canada: industrialized
• Latin America: struggled, plantations/cash crops,
slaves -> debt peonage/sharecropping
Migration to the Americas
• Included Europeans, Asians, and Latin Americans (to
the U.S.)
• Pull factors: gold rushes, factory, railroad, plantation
jobs, support services
• All brought their cultures with them
• U.S. factories: wanted low-wage, unskilled workers
– Mid 1800s: Europeans - some stayed in eastern industrial
cities, some moved west for land; Chinese – in west for
gold and railroads
– Late 1800s: settled in eastern cities to work in textile
factories
Migration to the Americas (cont.)
• Latin American plantations needed workers after
abolition
• Europeans to Argentina and Brazil, Chinese to
Cuba, Indians to Caribbean, Chinese and
Japanese to Peru and Hawai’i
Economic Expansion in the U.S.
• British capital supported development of textile
industry, mining operations, factories, railroads
• They needed new investment opportunities
• Railroads:
– Space: linked vast country and its resources with huge
environmental impact
– Time: scheduling problems -> time zones
Economic Growth in the U.S.
• 1870-1900: huge economic development
• New products -> consumer demand -> more
expansion
• Also, emergence of labor unions and strikes: good
for workers, not good for industrialists
Canadian Prosperity
• also industrialized with aid of British investments
• After Dominion formed, gov’t started National
Policy to economically develop: attract migrants,
protect industry, build transport system
– Railroad -> conflict with indigenous peoples and
trappers
• By late 19th/early 20th centuries: economic boom
in agriculture, minerals, and industrial production
• Also, increasing U.S. investment -> more
interdependence
Latin American Investments
• Little industrial or economic development due to
colonial legacies: relied on European items
controlled by local creole elites -> no incentive to
change
• British investment: wanted profit and control, not
industrialization (e.g., beef); -> urbanization
Latin American Investments (cont.)
• Attempts at industrialization: limited success
• Mexico: Dictator P. Diaz – railroad, telegraph,
mining, textiles, steel, etc.; modernized Mexico
City
• But, profits were not reinvested; went to
foreigners and elites ->
1910 revolution
Latin American Investments (cont.)
• By late 1800s: economic expansion based on key
exports per country (e.g., Mexico – copper and
silver, Argentine – beef and wheat, Brazil – rubber
and coffee, etc.), but profits were limited
• Why didn’t they develop like U.S.?
Foreign control of econ. and political
instability -> slow growth
Intro: American Cultural and Social
Diversity
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Lots of diversity in the Americas
Conflict (ethnic, social class, race, gender)
Lack of cultural cohesion
Conflict between Enlightenment ideals and reality
for Native Americans, African-Americans, recent
migrants, and women -> repression
Societies in the U.S.
• By late 19th century, very multicultural, but political
and economic power belonged to Euro-Am white
elite males -> tension and conflict
• Native peoples: reservations, then further
marginalization; sought to assimilate them by
destroying their culture; resistance and identity
• Freed slaves: during reconstruction
– civil and political rights; after ->
sharecroppers, few rights, Jim Crow,
segregation
Societies in the U.S. (cont.)
• Women: more education and employment
opportunities, but little econ or pol progress
• Migrants: -> cultural diversity, hostility from
native-born whites, concentration in districts ->
de facto segregation, restrictive immigration
policies
Canadian Cultural Contrasts
• Ethnic diversity: British and French tension, plus
indigenous, freed slaves, Chinese migrants, and
later more migrants (Euro, U.S., E. Euro.)
• 1870s-80s: westward expansion threatened
natives and metis -> rebellion
Ethnicity, Identity, and Gender in Latin
America
• Hierarchical distinctions based on ethnicity and skin
color: top - creoles, middle - mestizos, mulattoes,
zambas, castizos, and bottom – indigenous, freed
slaves and descendants
• Migration led to more diversity, especially in large
numbers
• Gauchos: symbol of Latin American identity
• Male domination: machismo
• Female role in home and marketplace, and
revolutions