Transcript CONSCIOUSNESS

 Dividing
your attn between driving &
using a cell phone is about as
dangerous as driving with a BAL of
.08?
 Body temp. does not remain at 98.6
degrees throughout the day?
 The eye is sensitive to changes in light,
even in ppl without sight?
 The most addictive drug known to
mankind is legal in the U.S.?
 Consciousness: states of awareness of
the outside world and of one’s own
mental processes, thoughts, sensations,
feelings, & perceptions. [ABSTRACT &
COMPLEX]
› aware of both external stimuli & your
own mental activity
 A map of the ‘self’ in relation to the world
 Fits the fact that we can receive
stimulation, analyze it, & then take some
action
 We
never remain in the same state of
consciousness for long
› range from alertness  non-alertness
 Extremely
important in everyday life
› ‘EXPERIENCES’…. Memories….
 Impossible
to be conscious of every
internal & external stimuli at the same
time
 1)
EXTERNAL
SENSORY
PERCEPTION
› Awareness
of sights,
smells,
sounds,
tastes, &
touch in the
ext. environ
 2)
INTERNAL SENSORY PERCEPTION
› Ability to internally experience
sensory information from a
remembered event
› create sensory representations of
events we’ve never experienced
 3)
ABSTRACT AWARENESS
› Abstract ideas (i.e. freedom, love)
› Emotions (aren’t sensory
experiences)
› Symbols we use to represent big
ideas
 4)
AWARENESS OF
SELF
› Aware of yourself
as an indiv. apart
from other indiv &
objects in your
environ
› Aware of & the
fact you have
thoughts & feelings
› Observe your
experiences from
the ‘outside’
 Thoughts,
emotions, motivations, &
behaviors are either:
› available to us
› not available to us
› available but not presently in awareness
 CONSCIOUS
› mental events that you are aware of @
any moment
 PRECONSCIOUS
› outside awareness, but can easily be
brought back into consciousness
 UNCONSCIOUS
› Mental activity that influences our
consciousness experience that we
aren’t aware of
› Mental events that are actively kept
out of consciousness; hidden &
usually irretrievable
 NONCONSCIOUS
› mental & bio. events that you are
never aware of
 Precon,
Uncon, & Noncon make up
the SUBCONSCIOUS – unseen forces
that greatly influence us everyday
 Freudian Slip
 States
of consciousness
› characteristics @ any given
moment
 MENTAL ACTIVITY IS ALWAYS
CHANGING!
› Frequently pass from one state to
another
 Internal & external stimuli affects our
states of consciousness
› Ex. circadian rhythms, stress, life
conditions, drugs, dreaming
 The
waking state is ‘normal’
consciousness…
› Brainwaves & sometimes other vital
signs
4
Diff’t ‘Normal’ States….
 FOCUSED
AWARENESS
› Actively, selectively direct your attn
& mental activity
› focused
& 1-tracked
 ‘task @ hand’
› not distracted
› intense
emotions &
sensations
 DRIFTING
CONSCIOUSNESS
› Awareness
drifts
 Letting your
mind wander
› Flowing,
passive
state
 DAYDREAMING
› Combo focused &
drifting
› not bound by logic
or reality
› routine situations,
bored, restive state
› Fantasizing, regret,
sorrow, guilt,
desires
 can create or
release tension
 DIVIDED
CONSCIOUSNESS
› Split our attn between 2 or more
tasks/activities simultaneously
› 2 ways:
› 1) Can be alert when doing
something, but unable to know
why you did it a certain way
› 2) Can perform a complex & a
mundane activity @ the same time
 Important
mental operations
(learning) can occur w/o awareness!
› Ex. Word pairing under anesthesia
 Any
mental state that differs from normal
states of awareness in:
› 1) “normal” waking brain wave
› 2) significant changes in behavior,
thoughts, etc.
 Intensity & type of awareness can differ
› not part of a ‘normal’ conscious
experience
 Achieving
altered state = cultural
universal
› Valued vs. taboo varies
 can occur accidentally, intentionally,
or naturally
› Fever, sleep or sensory deprivation,
fasting, trauma, hallucinations,
hypnosis, meditation, trances,
drugs, euphoria
Prosopagnosia: can’t consciously
recognize faces, but can recognize
other objects
› Certain brain activity & eye
movements occur when we
recognize a face. Diff’t brain activity
& eye mvmts occur when we view a
unfamiliar face
 CIRCADIAN
RYTHYMS
Daily ‘natural clock’ of 100s bio
events regulated by brain
Fluctuate on 24 hr cycle w/ hg & lw
pt.
body temp, sleep, blood pressure,
excretion, hormone levels, etc.
Controlled by amt light entering
retina
 ‘FIGHTING THE CLOCK’
› Jet lag, shift work, early birds & night
owls
 altered
state of consciousness
 very active & complex
› Not a single, continous state; it’s
almost constantly changing
 Vital for health & survival
physically & psychologically
 Changes in brain waves muscle
tension, eye movement & mental
activity occur in 5 distinct stages (sleep
cycle)
 Restores
the body & brain for
future activity; physical & mental
recuperation
 Circadian rhythm: (melatonin)
 Memory/learning: reorganize/retain
memories & new info; solidify &
assimilate the day’s experiences
 Mood & social behavior: processing
emotions, stress relief, decision-making
 Nervous
system: develop, check, &
expand neural connections in the
brain
 Immune system: increase & maintain
immune functions
 Growth & development: growth
hormones released; increased blood
flow to muscles (restore & repair
body); conserve energy
 So we can dream!

Stare @ the dot
 The
sleep cycle occurs in 5 stages
 Difft physical & psych activity
 1cycle = 90 minutes
 (stage 1  REM)
 Stage 1 + 2 + 3 = 20 minutes
 Stage 4 = 30-45 minutes
 REM = 10-15 minutes
 We move through this cycle about 5-6
times a night!
 Stage
1:
› ‘twilight state’ – not dreaming or
daydreaming
› drift in & out (easily awakened)
› heart rate & muscle tension slows
› myoclonic jerks – feelings of falling
or floating
 Stage 2:
› eye movement stops
› Deeper relaxation & slowing of
mental activity
 Stage
3:
› Transition to ‘deep sleep’
› no muscle activity (except vitals)
 Stage 4:
› brain waves reach slowest pt (deep
sleep)
› Diff. stage to wake someone up; if
awakened often groggy, confused,
disoriented for several mins.
› bedwetting, night terrors,
sleepwalking, sleeptalking
 REM:
‘active sleep’
› brain waves resemble that of an
awake, alert person
› body paralysis/immobile (except
face)
› most dreaming & vivid dreaming –
thoughts & images are org. into stories
› breathing is rapid, irregular, & shallow
› nocturnal emissions & vaginal
lubrication
› almost impossible to wake up!
 Not
getting enough sleep causes
significant changes in body chemistry,
perception, & the ability to think clearly
 More likely to get sick
 Cranky, irritable, lower impulse control
 Fatigue; hard to concentrate/pay
attention/focus
 Less creativity; more likely to make errors
 Anxiety, depression, emotional problems
 Less coordination; slower rxn time; LTM
ARE YOU GETTING ENOUGH SLEEP?
AGE
NATURAL
BEDTIME
REC. HRS
OF SLEEP
ACTUAL HRS
SLEEP
0-1
7 – 8 pm
14 – 15
12.8
1-2
7 – 8 pm
12 – 14
11.8
3-6
7–8
11 – 13
10.3
7 - 11
8–9
10 – 11
9.4
12 - 17
10:30 – 11:30
8.5 – 9.5
7.6 (wd) 8.9
(we)
18 - 54
10 – 12
7 – 8.5
6.8 (wd) 7.4
(we)
55 - 84
8 – 10
7 – 8.5
6.9 (wd) 7.5
• Everyone dreams
• Dreams occur in all
sleep stages… the
most are in REM
• Everyone has @
least 5-7 dreams a
night… even if you
don’t remember
them!
• All mammals (?)
• Impt. for survival!
 Theories:
 Wish
fulfillment or subconscious speaking
to us
 Review & address probs
 Remove unneeded info/memories (reorg.
the brain)
 Analyze, consolidate, & incorporate new
info/memories into long-term memory
 Meaningless by-product of REM (random
neuron firing in the brainstem)
 Daytime
events (50% of dreams)
 strenuous activity OR passive activity
 Occur in a realistic time scale
› Avg = 10 – 15 mins
 IMAGES
& CHARACTERS
› You are a ‘character’ 90% of the time
› ½ of the ppl you know, ½ you don’t
know
› drab color w/ blurry backgrounds
› Girls = Even mixture of gender; boys =
have more men
› Mostly visual
› 20% of dreams include auditory or
body sensations
› 1% contain tastes or smells
 EMOTIONS
› Mostly unpleasant/ - emotions
 Sadness, anger, anxiety, dread, failure
› Men more likely to have + emotions &
aggression
› usually the ‘victim’, not the aggressor
› * recurrent dreams* - fear or
vulnerability
› More likely to have ‘bad’ dreams after
an upsetting event
› 10% - sexual in nature & usually contain
body sensations
 CREATIVE
& BIZARRE ASPECTS
› Mix of bizarre & realistic elements
 10% are completely bizarre
› Sudden/unrealistic changes from one
setting to another
 Day
residue
› Process things in real life
 Stimulus
Incorporation
› stimuli in the ext. environ. in the dream
 Subcon
influence & symbols
› express impulses, thoughts, conflicts,
memories, issues, fears, anxieties, &
motives that are unacceptable @ the
conscious level
 meaning?
Psychologists can’t agree!
 objectivly verify accuracy of
interpretation (?)
 Rich source of info. about hidden
aspects of our personalities, conflicts,
emotions, etc.
 Creative insights about prob solving
› Discover a ‘solution’ to a prob. in real
life
› Dreams = ‘royal road to the
unconscious’
 Is our subcon. trying to ‘speak’ to us?
 Express impulses, thoughts, conflicts,
memories, pers. traits, emotions, issues,
fears, anxieties, & motives: SYMBOLS &
CLUES!!
› 1) unacceptable for awareness
› 2) haven’t resolved/ dealt w/ effectively
 Lucid dreaming
› awareness you’re dreaming - control
2
layers of the content of dreams;
› Manifest
 story line, images, perceptions
› Latent
 hidden ‘true’ meanings; analysis
 Symbols
› most? Difft ppl = difft meaning!
› H2O = emotional state
› House = you (body &/or mind)
“Sometimes a
cigar is just a
cigar…”
 Categories
› Anxiety, fulfillment, cathartic
 COMMON
THEMES
› Pregnancy
› Death
› Teeth falling out
› Chased
› Falling or flying
› Naked
› Body parts
› Colors
› House
› Animals
 1.
Before going to bed, keep a clear
mind. Tell yourself that "I will remember
my dream when I wake up".
› Having too many thoughts on your mind
can distract you.
 2. regular bedtime and wake up time.
 3. Don’t take unnecessary meds & eat
good snacks.
 4. Keep a pen & notebook next to your
bed . Record dreams before you get out
of bed.
 5.
Do not get out of bed immediately. Lay
still for a minute & wake up slowly &
relaxed. Reflect before recording it.
 6. Write down as many details in your
dream as you can…Don’t worry if it
makes sense – you can evaluate it later.
 Talking about your dreams to friends also
help you remember.
BAD !
 Fast
food
 High sugar foods
 Fatty foods
GOOD !
 OJ
(lucid dreams)
 Dairy, eggs
 Tuna, salmon, turkey
 Nuts, oats
 Vitamins B6, B9, & B12… & amino
acids
Narcolepsy
› Falls asleep suddenly,
unpredictably, & uncontrollably
› waking state  REM sleep
REM
Behavior Disorder
› act out dreams during REM
› Can be dangerous to themselves or
others
Insomnia
› most common (15% of adults)
› trouble falling asleep or staying
asleep
 tied to mental distress, illness,
substance abuse; associated
w/depression & anxiety; more
likely to have mental disorders
Sleep Apnea
› sudden &
irregular
breathing
stoppages
during sleep
 reflex to
wake up &
breath (no
memory)
NIGHT TERRORS NIGHTMARES
 REM
 fear,
intense, threats
 memory of it
 stress, fever, sleep deprived
 Stage
4
 causes intense fear & panic
 wake up w/ physical response
 no memory
 screaming, confusion, heart rate,
sweating
Sleepwalking (NREM)
› Travel around doing things or
interacting w/ ppl
 no memory of it
› harmless
Sleep Talking (REM or NREM)
› Mutterings or conversations
› Calm & monotone
› Harmless
 Altered
state
› trancelike
 highly suggestible
› changes in
behavior & thought
 narrow focus of attn &
relaxation
 Body feels “asleep”
but mind is active &
alert.
 Consciousness
is dissociated
› Made aware of things usually unaware
of & unaware of things they usually
notice
 More easily imagine & recall things
 Not dominated, but guided & directed
by hypnotist (reason to refuse ?)
› open & WILLING to the experience
› Share control & trust them
 Induces
a trance by slowly suggesting
a participant to relax & to lose interest
in external distractions
› Times vary ppl
 Follow a code of ethics
 Entertainment
 Medical
› Pain reduction (surgery, childbirth,
burns)
› Relieves chronic pain (arthritis,
migraines, cancer)
› Reduce nausea & vomiting due to
chemotherapy
› Reduce surgical bleeding
 Therapeutic
› posthypnotic suggestion
 made during hypnosis that
influences behavior afterward
› Change self-defeating behavioral,
mental, or emotional patterns
› Suppress or aid in recalling memory
› Reveal probs or gain insight into their
lives
› Reveal potentials/abilitie
 Over
½ of the ppl in the world use drugs
on a daily basis that alter brain activity &
consciousness – cultural universal
 Induces an altered state of
consciousness
 Drugs that affect the brain, altering the
consciousness experience & bio.
processes are called psychoactive
drugs
 Can causes physical &/or psych.
 1)
Prevent some substances in blood
stream from entering brain tissue
 2) Similar enough to a certain
neurotransmitter bind to the receptors
& mimic its effects
 3) Bind to receptors and block the
normal neurotransmitter from binding
to the receptors
 4) Increase or decrease the release of
certain neurotransmitters
WHY DO DIFF’T PEOPLE
REACT DIFF’TLY TO DRUGS?
 Effect
of drug(s) on behavior,
perceptions, & thought processes can
be difficult to predict
› 1) dose & purity
› 2) personal characteristics
› 3) expectations
› 4) social situation
› 5) moods
 Alcohol:
poor coordination;
release of inhibitions (poor
judgment); cognitive
changes; intense
emotional rxns; memory
loss
 10% adult pop. suffers from
alcoholism – severe risks
 Mod. use – lower risk of
strokes & heart attacks
 Barbiturates
& tranquilizers: extremely
addictive; relaxation; euphoria; loss of
coordination; lowered attn; distorts
sleep patterns; hallucinations
› Abrupt withdrawal can cause coma
or death
 Increase
behavioral & mental activity
(CNS)
 Cocaine: intense self-confidence,
euphoria, sense of well-being, &
optimism; overactivity; insomnia;
depressive “crash”; sexual
dysfunction; seizures
› Cocaine psychosis: hallucinations,
delusions, paranoia
 Amphetamines:
anxiety, insomnia,
confusion, paranoia, nonstop talking;
schizophrenic symptoms; intense
pleasurable rush
› Meth: MOST DANGEROUS
 Insomnia, euphoria, hallucinations
 Teeth fall out, clammy wet skin
 ‘meth mites’ – infected sores over
the body
 Change in genetic code (birth
defects in future generations)
 Caffeine:
MOST USED
drug in the world;
improves prob
solving, enhances
alertness; urinate
more; jitteriness,
anxiety; trouble
concentrating
 Nicotine: MOST
ADDICTIVE; elevated
mood; improved
memory & attn; no
“rush”; strong assoc.
 Opium,
morphine,
heroin, codeine
 Dreamy relaxation;
sleep; sense of wellbeing; pain relief;
euphoria
 Affects frontal lobe
 Alter neuron structure
so much that they
require the drug to
function properly
 loss
of contact w/ reality & alter emotions,
sensory perceptions, & thoughts
 Distortions in body image; loss of identity;
hallucinations; dream-like fantasies
 Unpredictable behavior, emotional
instability; violent behavior; focus on
detail
 Low potential for physical dependence
 High potential for psych. dependence
(coping)
 MDMA
(Ecstasy)
 Euphoric &
hallucinogenic
effects; closeness
to others,
psychosis,
insomnia, paranoia
 Depression, anxiety
when coming
down
 Long-term: interfere
w/learning ability &
memory
Marijuana
 euphoria,
calmness/relaxation,
exaggerated
emotions
 More pronounced
body sensations
 Anxiety, paranoia,
panic attacks,
depression
 Probs w/ learning,
memory, & social skills
 33% Americans

 LSD
(acid)
 vivid hallucinations;
time & space is
distorted; sensory
distortions (i.e. smell
colors & see sounds)
• ‘bad trip’ = unpleasant
hallucinations &
delusions, flashbacks,
violent outbursts,
panic attacks, suicide
 7% Americans