CHAPTER 19: EARLY LATIN AMERICA

IBERIA BEFORE 1492

Heavily urban; nobles on rural estates Political centralization; top-down administration via bureaucrats Patriarchical Tradition of slavery and plantations (close to Africa) • commercial agriculture in east Atlantic islands Strong merchant class Tradition of racial & religious divisions (Moors) • Dedicated to eliminating those divisions • • • Military tradition Moors expelled in…1492.

Jews told to convert, to leave, or... (Up to 200,000 Jews and others leave) • Close ties to Catholic Church

SPANIARDS AND PORTUGUESE: RECONQUISTA TO CONQUEST

•

Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile carried out a program of religious unification of Spain.

• 1492: 1) Last Muslim kingdom (Granada) fell to Catholic Spain and 2) Jews and Muslims ordered to leave Spain. (200,000 left) •

Isabella and Ferdinand use Columbus and his voyages Westward to expand Christian ideals.

Story time “Isabel and Ferdinand” p. 190

Take Notes on Isabel & Ferdinand: -

CHRONOLOGY OF CONQUEST

• • • •

Periods of Spanish and Portuguese conquest and colonization

1 • • st : 1492-1570 “Era of Conquest” Human destruction European administration and economy were established 2 nd : 1570-1700 “Consolidation & Maturity ” • Minor alterations; Colonial institutions and societies became definite 3 rd : 1700 ’ s “Reform & Reorganization” • Seeds of dissatisfaction and revolts

CONQUEST

Spain starts in Caribbean (a “testing ground”) Major conquests in Mexico and Peru Portugal in Brazil

FROM WHENCE THEY CAME AND WHY

Conquistadors promised a share in spoils Many second sons and petty nobles Most not professional soldiers Desire to become a new nobility in a new world

PATTERN OF CONQUEST

1.

Landfall 2.

Observation 3.

Alliances 4.

Subjugation by Four “Esses”: strategy, steel, steeds, smallpox 5.

Enslavement *By 1570: 192 Spanish urban settlements in the New World!

CONQUISTADORS

FOR REVIEW SEE P. 222-224 IN DEMYSTIFIED BOOK

•

1/5th of all treasure went to the crown

• Conquistadors shared remaining wealth.

• •

Few were professional soldiers Saw themselves as new nobility over indigenous people

•

Horses, firearms, and steel weapons gave them an advantage

•

Bureaucrats, merchants, colonists soon replaced the conquerors around 1570

•

HERNÁN CORTÉS & MEXICO

• • • • • • •

Hernán Cortés (1519)

Led 600 men to Mexico with Spanish weaponry Legend of Quetzalcóatl Spread smallpox Aided by: 1) Indian allies (peoples who had been conquered by Aztecs) and 2) Malinche (Doña Marina) who acted as an interpreter Reached Tenochtitlán and captured/killed Moctezuma II 1521: Tenochtitlán burned to ground; Mexico City constructed Most of central Mexico became New Spain

SPANISH CONQUEST IN SOUTH AMERICA

•

1535: Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incan Empire with 200 men

• Spanish replaced Incan capital Cuzco with Lima •

1540: Francisco de Coronado searched for seven cities of gold in SW United States (as far as Kansas)

•

By 1570: 192 Spanish cities throughout the Americas

• •

DESTRUCTION OF AMERINDIAN SOCIETIES

Debates about morality of conquest

• Father Bartolomé de las Casas – argues for civil rights

Indigenous populations suffered severe declines in population

• Slavery, mistreatment, conquest, disease (smallpox, measles) •

Disruption of social and economic structures.

Central Mexico went from 25 million people in 1519 to 2 million people in 1580.

• • •

MULTIRACIAL SOCIETIES

New groups in colonized lands:

• • • • • Europeans - conquerors and migrants Indians - conquered, indigenous peoples Africans – slaves

Peninsulares

: Colonists born in Europe

Creoles

: Colonists born in Americas of European parents

Few European women lived in the New World



mixed marriages and sexual exploitation were common.

• •

Mestizos

: European + indigenous

Mulattos

: European + African

Sociedad de Castas (society based on racial origins)

•

Peninsulares

Europeans;

Creole

Europeans;

Mestizos

;

Mulattos

; Indians; Slaves

ECONOMIC STRUCTURE OF SPANISH COLONIES

• •

Encomienda System: grants from Spanish crown that gave natives to Europeans; Europeans were responsible for the natives and could use them as forced labor

• Father Bartolomé de las Casas protested mistreatment of Indians in

encomienda

system; suggests African slaves • Restructured as

repartamiento

Indian workers) (granted a small salary to • Still created slavery-like conditions, especially in silver mines

Mita System: particular to Peru; mandatory forced labor with small salaries, usually in silver mines

AGRICULTURE AND MINING

• • • •

Agriculture and mining were the basis of the Spanish colonial economy.

80% of the population lived and worked on the land.

Agriculture

• Haciendas (rural estates) became the basis of wealth and power  self sufficient for basic goods • Powered by

encomienda

systems and

mita

• Sugar becomes major crop in Brazil

Mining

• Gold found in Caribbean, Columbia, Chile • Silver discoveries made in Mexico and Peru between 1545 - 1565.

• • •

SILVER IN NEW SPAIN

Potosi (upper Peru, now Bolivia) was largest silver mine.

• • 80% of Peruvian silver Required native forced labor

Spanish galleons carried silver to Spain

• Causes inflation in Spanish economy • Pirates: a constant threat

Less than half of the silver mined actually stayed in Spain.

• Most was kept in new world • Most of what went to Spain financed wars, paid off debt, was spent on luxury goods • • •

GOLD IN BRAZIL

1695: Gold found in a town in Brazil called Minas Gerais.

• • Gold rush began, later diamonds • Stimulates economy and opens interior for settlement.

Need for slaves  by 1775, ½ of Brazilian pop. were gold mining slaves

1735 – 1760: Brazilians mined 3 tons of gold a year

• Brazil was greatest source of gold in West.

Rio de Janiero emerges as important port because it was closest to the gold mines.

• Received African slaves for mines.

• 1763: Capital of Brazilian colony

INDUSTRIES AND COMMERCE

• • •

Became self sufficient in food and raw materials All trade reserved for Spaniards Convoys necessary to protect silver fleets

• So much silver it devalued currency • •

Government revenues primarily through taxes, so…

Once the mines began to run dry… • Once other Europeans begin colonizing and getting the raw materials on their own….

HACIENDAS

Decline in Indian population leads to haciendas Haciendas = rural estates which become the basis of wealth and power. (a large estate or plantation with a dwelling house.) Indians and mestizos work on the haciendas -grains -grapes -livestock Becomes the basis of wealth and power for local aristocracy

LATIN AMERICAN GOVERNANCE

Absolute crown authority sponsored by the Church

• Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) North/South Line • • • Portugal gets Brazil Spain gets the rest Defined spheres of influence, and right of possession between Spain and Portugal

Highly bureaucratic system based on a juridical core of lawyers, university trained bureaucrats.

STATE AND CHURCH IN NEW SPAIN

• • •

King ruled with bureaucracy (Council of the Indies)

• Issued laws; advised him on New World matters • • •

Spain created two viceroyalties (authority in colony on behalf of King).

Based in Mexico City + Lima Divided into ten judicial divisions with courts Created laws, applied laws, collected taxes, assigned work to Indians

Missionary work

• Franciscans, Dominicans, Jesuits • Establish churches, missions to spread Catholic faith • Profound influence on cultural and intellectual life in colonies

ROLE OF THE CHURCH

Secular and religious authority

• The state nominated church officials, so they tended to support state policies!

Conversion of Indians: #1 Priority

• Set up missions on frontier areas and established churches in towns and villages

Settle Indians on Missions Recorded analysis of Indian culture Deep influence on cultural and intellectual life

• • • • Architecture Printing Schools University

The Inquisition controlled morality and orthodoxy. (p. 191 Demystified)

• • • •

BRAZIL: THE FIRST PLANTATION COLONY

1500: Pedro Cabral found Brazil on his way to India

Relations with Indians was peaceful

1532: Portugal officially settles Brazil

• Sugar plantations using Indian labor set up on Brazilian coast • Sugar plantations required tremendous amounts of labor (Indian & African slaves) • • Slaves arrive from Africa to support plantations By 1700, Brazil had 150,000 slaves; half of Brazil ’s total population • 7,000 slaves imported a year

1549: Portugal creates royal capital at Salvador

• Jesuit missionaries arrived

Brazil’s economy tanks, and then….

Competition from other countries -British, French, and Dutch created sugar plantations in the Caribbean which… -increases slave prices -decreases sugar prices Discovery of gold revives Brazil ’s economy: 1695 “Gold Rush Begins” gold found in interior Brazil called Minas Gerais -Rise of Rio de Janeiro – important port closest to gold mines, becomes capital in 1763

18

TH

CENTURY REFORMS

Spanish and Portuguese New World Economies: -extraction based, production limited to raw materials -slave based designed to benefit the fatherland and its cronies in the New World Spain becomes weak because of foreign wars and increasing debt and internal revolts.

War of Spanish Succession (1702-1713) -Charles II died without an heir -Philip of Anjou, Bourbon family was named to throne -Treaty of Utrecht 1713 – French merchants gain more control but Anjou can ’t unite France and Spain

BOURBON REFORMS

• • • •

New Spanish Bourbon monarchs launched Bourbon Reforms to strengthen the economy Age of “Enlightened Despotism”

• Influenced by Enlightenment economic and political reforms • Desire for revitalized Spain: strong centralized government and economy • Remove groups that halt progress: Jesuits (allegiance to Rome; wealth)  expelled from Spanish Empire in 1767

New viceroyalties created to better provide administration and defense to populations of regions

• • New Granada (1739) Rio de la Plata (1778)

Commerce was expanded (tobacco, coffee, hides, salted beef, cloth)

• •

POMBALINE REFORMS

• •

Marquis of Pombal (1755-1776): prime minister of Portugal

Bolster Portuguese economy by instituting economic reforms • Wanted to break flow of Portuguese gold to England; redirect it within Portuguese economy • • Eliminate tax evasion Introduce new crops Stopped slavery in Portugal, ensure steady stream of slaves to Brazil only • •

Policies were not fully effective

Pro: Reduces Portugal ’ s trade imbalance with England Con: Brazil still suffers because worldwide demand for its products is low as a result of new competition

• • •

REVOLTS

Late but rapid population growth in New World: 13 million by 1800

• Declining mortality rates • • Increasing fertility levels Increasing immigration from Europe • Opening of new areas for development • Thriving slave trade

1780-1783: Tupac Amaru (mestizo) led Peruvian revolt against

“

abuses

”

of Spanish regime

• 70,000 Indians, Mestizos, and Creoles join • Creoles fear real social upheaval might change their status; Creoles end their support

1781: Comunero Revolt

• Revolt in New Granada over government high taxes ’ s control of tobacco and liquor, rising prices, and • • Spanish army was defeated and the Viceroy fled Government concessions end rebellion

PRACTICE:

The export of silver from the Americas led to all of these outcomes EXCEPT: a. Discouraging foreign rivals and pirates b.Paying for Spain ’s religious and dynastic wars c. Causing a sharp inflation in Western Europe d.Exchange of silver for Chinese luxuries Europeans desired e. The increasing impoverishment and bankruptcy of Spain

THE EXPORT OF SILVER FROM THE AMERICAS LED TO ALL OF THESE OUTCOMES EXCEPT:

A! Discouraging foreign rivals and pirates Spanish imports of silver caused B through E, but encouraged rather than discouraged piracy and commercial rivalry.

UNLIKE SPANISH LATIN AMERICA, IN PORTUGUESE BRAZIL

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

Indians retained their rights and properties Gold was the most important mineral extracted prior to 1600 Caucasian Europeans immigrated to settle the land The Roman Catholic clergy administered the state Sugar and sugar refining provided the most important economic activity

UNLIKE SPANISH LATIN AMERICA, IN PORTUGUESE BRAZIL

E! Sugar and sugar refining provided the most important economic activity Early in its development of Brazil, Portugal established sugar plantations, following its earlier colonial experiences

BEFORE 1800, THE MOST PROFITABLE ECONOMIC ACTIVITY FOR SPAIN IN ITS COLONIES WAS a. The export of finished goods to Europe b. Mining and smelting of metals c. Ranching and herding d. Agriculture e. Manufacture and processing of cottons and cloth.

BEFORE 1800, THE MOST PROFITABLE ECONOMIC ACTIVITY FOR SPAIN IN ITS COLONIES WAS

B!

Mining and smelting of metals

All of the industries would become important, but initally mining unquestionably produced the most revenue for Spain