Higher Computing

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Transcript Higher Computing

Higher Computing

Data Representation

What we need to know!

• Representation of positive numbers in binary including place values and range up to and including 32 bits.

•

Conversion from binary to decimal and vice versa.

Conversion to and from bit, byte, Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, Terabyte. (Kb, Mb, Gb, Tb)

• Description of the representation of negative numbers using two’s complement using examples of up to 8 bit numbers.

• Description of the relationship between the number of bits assigned to the mantissa/exponent and the range and precision of floating point numbers.

How we count in decimal

• Remember how we count.

Decimal Thousands Hundreds Tens 10 4 Number of combinations 10000 10 3 1000 10 2 100 Units 10 1 10 • Each column can have 10 different values in it. Making Decimal a Base 10 number system.

• Binary can only have 2 different values.

• Binary is a Base 2 number system.

Binary representation of positive

Binary

numbers (Cont.)

2 7 2 6 2 5 2 4 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 0 No. of Combinations 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 2 32 2 30 2 20 2 16 2 10 2 9 2 8 4294967296 1073741824 1048576 65536 1024 512 256 • Using a table like this you can work out the values of binary numbers.

Binary ranges

No of Digits

8 16 24 32

Max Number and Range

256 numbers, from 0 to 255 65536 numbers, from 0 to 65535

Calculation

2 8 = 256 2 16 = 65 536 16 777 216 numbers, from 0 to 16 777 215 2 24 = 16 777 216 4 294 967 296 numbers, from 0 to 4 294 967 295 2 32 = 4 294 967 296

Conversion from binary to decimal

• E.g. an 8- bit binary number 10010011 2 7 2 6 2 5 2 4 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 = = 2 7 + 2 4 + 2 1 +2 128 + 16 + 2 + 1 0 = 147

Conversion from decimal to binary

• Given the binary number 150.

• Divide by 2 = 75 r 0 • Divide by 2 = 37 r 1 • Divide by 2 = 18 r 1 • Divide by 2 = 9 r 0 • Divide by 2 = 4 r 1 • Divide by 2 = 2 r 0 • Divide by 2 = 1 r 0 • Divide by 2 = 0 r 1 The binary value is = 10010110

Conversion to and from a byte, Kilobyte, Megabyte

• There are 1024

bytes

1024

kilobytes

in a in a

kilobyte megabyte

and so to turn bytes into

megabytes

you divide once by 1024 to turn them into kilobytes and again by 1024 to turn them into megabytes.

• 1 048 576 bytes = 1 048 576/1024 = 1024 kilobytes • 1024 kilobytes = 1024/1024 = 1 Megabyte

Conversion between bytes, Kilobytes, Megabytes, Gigabytes

• There are 1024 megabytes in a gigabyte so we calculate the number of megabytes and then dive by 1024 to turn them into gigabytes.

• 4 294 967 296 bytes = 4 294 967 296/1024 = 4 194 304 kilobytes • 4 194 304 kilobytes = 4 194 304/1024 = 4096 megabytes • 4096 megabytes = 4096/4 = 4 gigabytes

Conversion between Gigabytes and Terabyte.

• There are 1024 gigabytes in a terabyte so we calculate the number of gigabytes and then dive by 1024 to turn them into terabytes.

• 512 gigabytes = 512/1024 = 0.5 terabytes

Negative numbers

• Storing negative numbers in a computer system make it necessary to store the sign of the number.

• One method of doing this is to use the most significant bit to represent positive or negative.

– 9=

000 1001 and –9 =

000 1001 • This means the range of values stored would be reduced.

• 8 bits would us 7 bits for the actual number 2 7 = 128 • • There are also two values for zero.

000 0000 and

000 0000

Two’s complement

• To convert an negative number into two’s complement you must first take the magnitude of the value and convert to binary.

 E.g. -9  9 in binary = 1001 • Then change all the 1 to 0 and vice versa.

 1001 becomes 0110 • Finally add 1  0110 + 1 = 0111 • Notice two’s complement also retains the leftmost bit as a signed bit

Real numbers

• Decimal fractions look like this: Fraction 1/10 1/100 1/1000 Decimal 0.1

0.01

0.001

•Binary fractions look like this: Fraction 1/2 Decimal 0.5

Binary 0.1

1/4 0.25

0.01

1/8 0.125

0.001

1/10000 0.0001

1/16 0.0625

0.0001

Floating point numbers

• First of all look at a real number in decimal.

• 15.25 = .1525 x 100 = .1525 x 10 2 • Any number can be written as: Mantissa x base Exponent • The above example can be written as: • 1111.01 = .111101 x 2 4 = .111101 x 2 100 =15

=0.25

• Decimal numbers are base 10.

• Binary numbers are base 2. This is always the case so the computer doesn’t need to store this.

Floating point numbers (Cont.)

• 1111.01 = .111101 x 2 4 = .111101 x 2 100 • If the decimal point is always in the same position all that needs stored is the mantissa and the exponent.

• This leaves us with • 111101 100 Exponent mantissa

Precision and range of floating point numbers

• Precision – The more bits set aside for the mantissa, the more precise the number will be.

– If there are not enough bits then the system has to round down loosing precision.

Precision and range of floating point numbers

• Range – Increasing the number of bits used to represent the exponent increases the range of numbers that can be represented.

What we should now know!

• Representation of positive numbers in binary including place values and range up to and including 32 bits.

•

Conversion from binary to decimal and vice versa.

Conversion to and from bit, byte, Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, Terabyte. (Kb, Mb, Gb, Tb)

• Description of the representation of negative numbers using two’s complement using examples of up to 8 bit numbers.

• Description of the relationship between the number of bits assigned to the mantissa/exponent and the range and precision of floating point numbers.

What we need to know!

• Description of Unicode and its advantages over ASCII.

• Description of the bit map method of graphic representation using examples of colour/greyscale bit maps.

• Description of the relationship of bit depth to the number of colours using examples up to and including 24 bit depth (true colour).

• Description of the relationship between the bit depth and file size.

• Description of the vector graphics method of graphic representation.

• Explanation of the need for data compression using the storage of bit-map graphic files.

• Description of the relative advantages and disadvantages

of bit mapped and

vector graphics.

ASCII

• American Standard Code for Information Interchange is a method of representing all the characters in memory.

• Each character is given it’s own ASCII code.

• ASCII is a 7-bit code with the 8 th bit being used as a parity bit.

• The 7 bit provide 128 possible values for the text.

• This gives us 96 characters and 32 control codes. • Many systems use extended ASCII code which is an 8-bit code giving a range of 256 characters

Description of Unicode

• Unicode is a 16-bit code supporting 65 536 characters. • The first 256 values in Unicode are used to represent ASCII code. • Of the 65 536 characters, 49000 codes are predefined and 6400 are reserved for private use. • This still leaves around 10000 characters in the code not yet made use of.

• Unicode file sizes are large because it takes 2 bytes to store each character, in contrast to ASCII which takes only 1 byte.

The bitmap method of graphics representation

• Bitmap representation of graphics means that each pixel in a graphic is represented by a series of bits / bytes. Bitmaps are typically used for creating realistic images, e.g. photographs, the output of paint packages. • In the simplest example each pixel is represented by 1 bit. = 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 = 1110111 00000000 1110111 1110111 1110111 1110111 1110111 1110111

Bit depth

• The more bits assigned to represent each pixel the greater the range of colours or shades of gray that can be represented.

• This is known as the colour bit depth. • Here the bit depth is 2 giving 2 2 = 4 colours = 01 01 01 00 01 01 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 10 10 10 00 10 10 10 00 10 10 10 00 10 10 10 00 10 10 10 00 10 10 10 00 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 = 01010100 01010101 00000000 00000000 10101000 11111111 10101000 11111111 10101000 11111111 10101000 11111111 10101000 11111111 10101000 11111111

Bit depth (Cont.)

1 2 8 16 24

Number of bits per pixel Colours, or

shades of

grey, represented

2 (black and white) 4 256 65 536 16 777 216 (true colour)

Relationship between bit depth and file size

• Let's look at the file sizes of a tiny 1 inch square graphic.

Resolution (pixels per square inch) Pixels per 1 inch square graphic Number of bits representing each pixel File size in bytes File size in megabytes 600 x 600 600 x 600 360000 360000 8 bits(1 byte) 16 bits(2 bytes) 360000 720 000 0·343 0·687 600 x 600 360000 24 bits(3 bytes) 1 080 000 1·030 • The more bits that are used to represent a pixel the more colours you get but the greater the file size.

Relationship between bit depth and file size.

• If the graphic was larger, say 6 inches square then the table looks like this: Resolution (pixels per square inch) Pixels per 6 inch square graphic Number of bits representing each pixel File size in bytes File size in megabytes 600 x 600 600 x 600 12960000 12960000 8 bits(1 byte) 16 bits(2 bytes) 12960000 25920000 12·36 24·72 600 x 600 12960000 24 bits(3 bytes) 38 800 000 37·8

Advantages of bit-mapped graphics

• They allow the user to edit at pixel level.

• Storing a bit-mapped graphic will take the same amount of storage space no matter how complex you make the graphic.

•

Disadvantages of bit-mapped graphics

They demand lots of storage

, particularly when lots of colours are used.

•

They are resolution dependent.

This means the resolution of the graphic, the number of pixels per inch, is set when the bitmap is produced. If you reduce the resolution, the system reduces the size of the pixel grid and eliminates pixels. This reduces the quality of the image.

•

You cannot isolate an individual object in a graphic and edit it.

Why is compression needed?

• You can see from the table that sizes for bit mapped graphics can be very large.

• This means that they demand lots of storage space, and can take quite a time to transmit across a network. • Compressing the files means that less space is required for storage and transmission times are less.

Vector graphics

• In vector graphics, the system stores mathematical definitions of: – the

shape

of graphic objects; – their

position

on the screen; – their

attributes

thickness. such as the fill colour, the line colour and • Where there are several objects in an image the vector graphic file will store information about the

layering

of the objects. • The definition of a circle might hold: – the position of the centre; – the length of the radius; – the width and colour of the line marking the circumference; • the colour/pattern of the infill.

The advantages of vector graphics

• You can edit individual objects in a graphic. • They are resolution independent.

you display the object on a system with higher resolution output it will display perfectly in the higher resolution. • You can build up graphics by layering objects. • They can be less demanding on storage space. A simple graphic, for example of a circle, will take up less space than the equivalent image stored as a bitmap. However, the amount of storage required by a vector graphic varies according to how complex the graphic is. The more objects that are in the graphic, the greater the file size. • • When you resize a vector graphic, it changes in proportion and keeps its smooth edges.

The disadvantages of vector graphics

• You cannot edit individual pixels. • A complex graphic with lots of layered objects can demand a lot of storage space. • Vector graphics have a flat perspective which comes from the fact that they are made up of objects filled in with a block of colour. This means they are best suited to logos, line drawings, cartoons, diagrams and simple illustrations.